{"id":8004,"date":"2020-04-16T20:49:00","date_gmt":"2020-04-16T19:49:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/?p=8004"},"modified":"2020-04-16T20:49:00","modified_gmt":"2020-04-16T19:49:00","slug":"underlying-conditions-exacerbate-covid-19-pandemic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/2020\/04\/16\/underlying-conditions-exacerbate-covid-19-pandemic\/","title":{"rendered":"Underlying Conditions Exacerbate Covid-19 Pandemic"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><em>Pressing Pause<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In the grip of serious illness anyone but an obtuse contrarian seeks medical assistance. As the coronavirus Covid-19 pandemic sweeps across the globe, doctors are performing heroics, often at grave risks to their own health. Enhanced screening, testing and emergency treatment facilities, along with developing a vaccine, are now paramount considerations; but we cannot ignore our underlying fragilities.<\/p>\n<p>Exclusive focus on the Holy Grail of an elusive cure disregards how the virus is exploiting poverty in wealthy countries, flawed public health policies and destructive environmental practices. At least we may still soften the blow of this outbreak, and reduce the harm and incidence of future episodes. With all changed \u2013 changed utterly \u2013 returning to business-as-usual is inconceivable.<\/p>\n<p>Despite what we hear from the <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2020\/mar\/19\/coronavirus-drug-trump-confusion-malaria-treatment-readiness\">Trump administration<\/a><\/span>,<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a> there are <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for-public\/myth-busters\">no specific medicines<\/a><\/span> available to prevent or treat the new coronavirus Covid-19.<a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[ii]<\/a> The best estimate is that <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-coronavirus-vaccines\/\">a year-and-a-half is the minimum time required<\/a><\/span> to develop a reliable vaccine, which would actually set a record.<a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[iii]<\/a> Remarkably, a British-Italian partnership claims it will have one ready <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/coronavirus-vaccine-could-be-ready-as-early-as-september-according-to-scientist-11971804\">as soon as this September<\/a><\/span>, but the challenge of manufacturing, distributing and mass-immunization \u2013 including the thorny issue of consent \u2013 on an unprecedented global scale, remain.<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[iv]<\/a> The options are comprehensively laid out by medicinal chemist <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Derek Lowe<\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[v]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The dangers posed by this outbreak, and future ones that nature will throw at us, require a thorough reappraisal of public health priorities. Medical systems in advanced Western countries \u2013 especially those dominated by the private sector \u2013 tend to prioritise treatment of the symptoms of the main non-contagious diseases. We \u2018live\u2019 with cancer and heart disease as opposed to addressing multifarious lifestyle causes, which the virus is now preying on.<\/p>\n<p>As Boris Johnson\u2019s predicament underlines, anyone is susceptible to Covid-19, but chances of exposure \u2013 without recklessly ignoring medical advice \u2013 are often determined by social class, which intersects with lower life expectancy already.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">&quot;I was at a hospital the other night where I think there were actually a few coronavirus patients and I shook hands with everyone.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Boris Johnson says he has not refused to shake hands with people during the <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/COVID19?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#COVID19<\/a> outbreak.<\/p>\n<p>More on this story here: <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/6N1ZLNKpvT\">https:\/\/t.co\/6N1ZLNKpvT<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/yV1qkQkDkh\">pic.twitter.com\/yV1qkQkDkh<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Sky News (@SkyNews) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/SkyNews\/status\/1234842251496493060?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">March 3, 2020<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>In responding to the pandemic any nation is likely to be only as strong as its weakest links. The co-existence of extremes of poverty and wealth in societies such as the United Kingdom and U.S. poses particular dangers.<\/p>\n<p>We must awaken to the environmental origins of viral diseases. What <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/forge.medium.com\/prepare-for-the-ultimate-gaslighting-6a8ce3f0a0e0\">Julio Vincent Gambuto<\/a><\/span><a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[vi]<\/a> has described as this \u2018Great Pause\u2019 should bring a more harmonious relationship with nature, and other animals, as we negotiate with this and even greater environmental dangers.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, as <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/19d90308-6858-11ea-a3c9-1fe6fedcca75?fbclid=IwAR2am6cP4xQoG17fnKTsCeJdteQJRNwE_D6YkUkkZL25gD7AQN4CW8AOFck\">Yuval Noah Harari<\/a><\/span> cogently argued:<\/p>\n<p><em>When choosing between alternatives, we should ask ourselves not only how to overcome the immediate threat, but also what kind of world we will inhabit once the storm passes. Yes, the storm will pass, humankind will survive, most of us will still be alive \u2014 but we will inhabit a different world.<\/em><a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[vii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In confronting this pandemic we face a choice between top-down, authoritarian control \u2013 seen vividly in China \u2013 where basic liberties have been all-but extinguished. The alternative is a state that trusts in the collective education and responsibility of citizens \u2013 civil society \u2013 a rather extreme experiment in which is unfolding in Sweden.<\/p>\n<p>There may indeed be periods when a state-imposed lockdown is justified to avert a calamity \u2013 as in Italy at the height of its surge \u2013 but we must remain vigilant to the <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/law\/vigilance-required-against-seepage-of-emergency-legislation-in-ireland\/\">seepage of emergency powers<\/a><\/span> into ordinary usage when this crisis lifts and only countenance measures that are proportionate to risk.<\/p>\n<p>Already, authoritarian regimes, such as <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2020\/04\/europe-hungary-viktor-orban-coronavirus-covid19-democracy\/609313\/\">Viktor Orban<\/a><\/span>\u2019s in Hungary,<a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[viii]<\/a> are undermining democratic institutions. Alas, the \u2018Fourth Estate\u2019 of journalism has been greatly diminished by job losses in the age of the Internet and reliance on commercial advertising, which has opened the door to regressive but <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">digitally-savvy far-right Populism<\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[ix]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Social Gradient<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8015\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8015\" style=\"width: 679px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-8015\" src=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Nickelsville_01-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"679\" height=\"509\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8015\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Nickelsville&#8221; homeless encampment, Seattle, Joe Mabel (wikicommons).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>At this stage much of our knowledge of Covid-19 is provisional, but early research from the WHO in China found <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf\">78%-85% of contagions occurred in clusters within family groups<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[x]<\/a> Armed with knowledge of how the disease spreads and sufficient resources, affluent families around the world are taking care of elders and other vulnerable people.<\/p>\n<p>However, as Charles M. Blow put it: \u2018<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/05\/opinion\/coronavirus-social-distancing.html\">Social Distancing is a Privilege<\/a><\/span>\u2019. He reported on how incidences are highly intersected with race (which aligns with poverty in the United States), citing surveys from Milwaukee and Chicago where victims were 81 and 70 per cent African-American respectively.<a href=\"#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[xi]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Myriad factors link poverty to the contagion including: the number of residents per household; the space afforded to each occupant; the extent of inter-generational co-habitation; exposure to pollution; besides other health indicators, such as obesity. Particularly vulnerable categories include individuals squeezed into homeless shelters, or those living in crowded facilities accommodating refugees and asylum seekers; also older generations inadequately protected in residential <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/13\/half-of-coronavirus-deaths-happen-in-care-homes-data-from-eu-suggests\">care homes across Europe<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[xii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Notably, countries that bore the brunt of austerity policies since the Financial Crash from 2007 such as Italy, Spain, and the U.K. are now experiencing higher mortalities tolls than others, such as Germany or Denmark, where living standards were maintained.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Sweden<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8014\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8014\" style=\"width: 658px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-8014\" src=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party_in_Vasaparken_in_2013-300x176.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"658\" height=\"386\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8014\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Swedish Social Democratic Party in Vasaparken, Stockholm in 2013, Image: Frankie Fouganthin (wikicommons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Unlike almost every other European country the Swedish government did not mandate the closure of schools, pubs and restaurants. As the pandemic raged this seems to have been flawed, but it is worth exploring why a true catastrophe has not unfolded, as we\u2019ve seen in Italy, Spain, France, the U.S. and the U.K.. Indeed the trajectory of new cases appears to be <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/country\/sweden\/\">flattening as we enter mid-April<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[xiii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sweden\u2019s mortality count per capita (which is equivalent to Ireland\u2019s whose government has generally been <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">lauded for its response<\/span><a href=\"#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[xiv]<\/a>) is <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-04-14\/swedish-virus-deaths-top-1-000-fueling-criticism-over-strategy\">four times higher than that in neighbouring Norway\u2019s and twice Denmark\u2019s<\/a><\/span>,<a href=\"#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[xv]<\/a> both of which swiftly closed their borders, schools, pubs and other businesses, and imposed lockdowns. But the divergence may, in part, be explained by recent under-investment in healthcare. The country had the second lowest number of critical beds in Europe after Portugal prior to the crisis, with only <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-012-2627-8\">5 beds for every 100,000 inhabitants<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn16\" name=\"_ednref16\">[xvi]<\/a> Moreover, we are yet to measure the health <em>benefits<\/em> of avoiding draconian measures.<\/p>\n<p>Cultural factors such as the absence of kissing and hugging as conventional greetings and sparse habitation are relevant, but it appears that Sweden\u2019s mostly uninterrupted <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jacobinmag.com\/2019\/09\/sweden-social-democracy-erik-bengtsson\">social democratic history<\/a><\/span> throughout the twentieth century,<a href=\"#_edn17\" name=\"_ednref17\">[xvii]<\/a> including free university education, insulates its population from the worst ravages.<\/p>\n<p>Notably, <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5817412\/sweden-coronavirus\/\">40% of Swedish households are single-person residences<\/a><\/span>,<a href=\"#_edn18\" name=\"_ednref18\">[xviii]<\/a> and, although the largest cities of Stockholm and Gothenburg have experienced a recent <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelocal.se\/20190514\/revealed-the-state-of-swedens-housing-shortage\">housing crisis<\/a><\/span> with scarce supply and high prices,<a href=\"#_edn19\" name=\"_ednref19\">[xix]<\/a> recent concerted action by the Social Democrat-Green coalition government has alleviated this, providing <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/sweden-economy-housing\/sweden-grapples-with-housing-market-reform-as-risks-mount-idUSL8N28L43A\">subsidies to builders and tweaking capital gains tax<\/a><\/span> for house sellers to encourage turnover.<a href=\"#_edn20\" name=\"_ednref20\">[xx]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In contrast, English-speaking countries such as the United States and Britain (<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/12\/uk-could-have-europes-worst-coronavirus-death-rate-says-pandemic-expert\">predicted to experience the worst outbreak in Europe<\/a><\/span><a href=\"#_edn21\" name=\"_ednref21\">[xxi]<\/a>) have avoided intervention in the housing market, except at the very bottom of the social scale. But the ensuing \u2018<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/tupress.temple.edu\/book\/3182\">Financialization of Daily Life<\/a><\/span>\u2019<a href=\"#_edn22\" name=\"_ednref22\">[xxii]<\/a> has been accompanied by the stripping away of welfare entitlements, bringing widespread homelessness and reliance on food banks. The current pandemic has been aggravated by political leaders so wedded to commercial priorities they seemed prepared <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thetimes.co.uk\/article\/no-10-denies-dominic-cummings-would-have-let-elderly-die-qsl760jr9\">to sacrifice the sick and the old<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn23\" name=\"_ednref23\">[xxiii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Obesity<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8013\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8013\" style=\"width: 713px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-8013\" src=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/obesity-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"713\" height=\"475\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8013\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image: Tibor V\u00e9gh (wikicommons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The damage wrought by free market ideologies may run deeper in terms of human health if we accept a link with another global pandemic: obesity. This condition is strongly associated with many of the pre-existing health problems that place a person at greater risk of death from Covid-19 infections, <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5813711\/coronavirus-underlying-conditions\/\">including hypertension and diabetes<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn24\" name=\"_ednref24\">[xxiv]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The onset of the obesity pandemic, now afflicting nearly <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight\">two billion people around the globe<\/a><\/span>,<a href=\"#_edn25\" name=\"_ednref25\">[xxv]<\/a> has been linked to numerous developments, including the invention of high fructose corn syrup in 1967, as well as over-reliance on the motor car. But the arrival of Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan into power in the 1980s is a generally overlooked factor.<\/p>\n<p>As <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelondonmagazine.org\/article\/the-unbearable-heaviness-of-human-beings-2\/\">Avner Offer<\/a><\/span> asserted: \u2018Among affluent societies, the highest prevalence of obesity is to be found in countries most strongly committed to market-liberal policy norms.\u2019 He argues: \u2018if stress generates obesity, then welfare states protect against stress, and are likely to have lower states of obesity.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>He says: \u2018it is appropriate to think of the rise of obesity as an eruption, and to look for another eruption to explain it\u2019. He identifies this as the emergence of the New Right in the 1970s, and the market-liberal regimes that carried out economic and social programmes in the main English-speaking countries, and elsewhere.<\/p>\n<p>With regard to the U.K., where obesity rates have almost tripled since 1979 when Margaret Thatcher came to power, he claims obesogenic conditions were already in place by the 1970s: car-use and television-watching were well established, and food was already cheap and plentiful; but that Thatcherism acted as a catalyst.<\/p>\n<p>Heightened stress levels especially fuelled by employment uncertainties affect dietary choices: \u2018Physiologically, stress leads individuals to prefer fatty and sweet foods, and frequently to consume more calories, exacerbating weight gain, especially in the form of risky abdominal fat.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn26\" name=\"_ednref26\">[xxvi]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The link between insecurity, stress and obesity is supported by the \u2018social gradient\u2019 of obesity\u2019: it is most prevalent among those at the bottom of the social scale, stressed out and living in crowded accommodation in so-called \u2018food desserts\u2019, lacking access to nutritious foodstuffs.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Public v Private Health<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is a misconception that increasing health expenditure in any Western society, above a certain level, will lead to a rise in life expectancy. In fact, there are rapidly diminishing returns on investment. Moreover, many treatments arrive with significant health warnings, and leave many of us susceptible to Covid-19.<\/p>\n<p>Primary care, especially maternity services, paediatrics (including selective use of antibiotics and vaccination), and emergency treatment facilities, certainly minimises premature deaths. But countries in thrall to privatised healthcare tend to focus spending on medications, and other costly treatments, as opposed to preventive strategies. Thus the United States, which spends almost <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/journal-article\/2018\/mar\/health-care-spending-united-states-and-other-high-income\">18% of its GDP on healthcare<\/a><\/span> (the highest level per capita in the world)<a href=\"#_edn27\" name=\"_ednref27\">[xxvii]<\/a>, has <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/index.aspx?queryid=30114\">among the lowest life expectancies<\/a><\/span> among advanced countries.<a href=\"#_edn28\" name=\"_ednref28\">[xxviii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Rather than addressing the environmental and lifestyle triggers of the diseases of cancer and heart disease that are the leading causes of mortality (and morbidity), the United States supports a vast pharmaceutical industry that thrives off ill-health, just as its Military Industrial Complex profits from perpetual warfare.<\/p>\n<p>Shockingly, in the United States a John Hopkins team calculated in 2016 that 250,000 deaths were caused by medical errors each year, making <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/hub.jhu.edu\/2016\/05\/03\/medical-errors-third-leading-cause-of-death\/\">iatrogenic illness the third leading cause of death<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn29\" name=\"_ednref29\">[xxix]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>All of this coheres with the 1971 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(71)92410-X\/fulltext\">Tudor Hart Inverse Care Law<\/a><\/span>,<a href=\"#_edn30\" name=\"_ednref30\">[xxx]<\/a> stating:<\/p>\n<p><em>The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served. This inverse care law operates more completely where medical care is most exposed to market forces, and less so where such exposure is reduced. The market distribution of medical care is a primitive and historically outdated social form, and any return to it would further exaggerate the maldistribution of medical resources.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>In other words, efficiency declines as expenditure increases, and the more privatised the health market the worse the outcomes.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Cancer and Heart Disease<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Disconcertingly, <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/uncategorized\/cancer-a-distorted-version-of-our-normal-selves\/\">Siddhartha Mukherjee<\/a><\/span> characterises the history of cancer research as, \u2018intensely competitive\u2019, and featuring, \u2018a grim, nearly athletic, determination.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn31\" name=\"_ednref31\">[xxxi]<\/a> Patient welfare, as opposed to survival, is often not to the fore, as experts compete for the next breakthrough in extending life, or finding an ever-elusive cure.<\/p>\n<p>Apart from successfully discouraging smoking, we see insufficient focus and investment by national governments on preventive strategies, particularly in terms of nutrition, which often threaten vested interests. Confronting a virus that can often prove fatal for those on prolonged treatment courses should shift priorities.<\/p>\n<p>Notably warnings ought to be provided when we purchase red and processed meat, which according to the WHO are <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/q-a-detail\/q-a-on-the-carcinogenicity-of-the-consumption-of-red-meat-and-processed-meat\">\u2018possible\u2019 and \u2018probable\u2019 carcinogens<\/a><\/span> respectively.<a href=\"#_edn32\" name=\"_ednref32\">[xxxii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>These foodstuffs, along with saturated animals fats and refined sugars, are also linked to heart disease, the other big killer in Western societies. <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/nutritionsource\/disease-prevention\/cardiovascular-disease\/preventing-cvd\/\">The Harvard School of Public Health<\/a><\/span> recommend a Mediterranean diet including: \u2018high intake of olive oil, nuts, vegetables, fruits, and cereals; moderate intake of fish and poultry; low intake of dairy products, red meat, processed meats, and sweets; and wine in moderation, consumed with meals.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn33\" name=\"_ednref33\">[xxxiii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Urban planning should also inculcate more daily exercise by encouraging cycling and walking as opposed to motor car dominance. At least Covid-19 gives us a vision of how tranquil cities can be if motor cars are restricted.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Antibiotic Overuse<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-8016 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Antibiotic-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"675\" height=\"450\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Another longstanding issue related to this pandemic is persistent overuse of antibiotics in most Western countries, as Covid-19 patients in hospitals are now at great risk of succumbing to infection by <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/observations\/antibiotic-resistance-could-lead-to-more-covid-19-deaths\/\">bacterial opportunists<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn34\" name=\"_ednref34\">[xxxiv]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Indirectly also, the welfare of a person\u2019s microbiome, the collective term for the bacteria with which we enjoy a symbiotic relationship, is critical to overall health. Fundamental to the understanding of our complex relationship with the bacteria with which we coexist is the concept of <em>amphibiosis<\/em>: \u2018the condition in which two life-forms create relationships that are either symbiotic or parasitic, depending on the context.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>Over the last seventy years we have progressively weakening this crucial organ, upsetting our cohabitants. Martin Blaser links bacterial impoverishment to the onset of a host of modern plagues including obesity, diabetes, heart-burn and GORD, asthma, a host of allergies, IBS and even autism.<\/p>\n<p>According to Blaser the main source of the microbiome\u2019s decline has been the invention in 1942 and subsequent over-use of antibiotics, which he likens to the development of the atom bomb. Apart from generally weakening our immune system, over-use in humans and in animal agriculture has given rise to superbugs such as MRSA that already kill thousands each year.<\/p>\n<p>Antibiotics have saved millions of lives, and many surgical procedures are too dangerous to consider without them. However, over-use by doctors and dentists has surged in most Western countries to the extent that often the average twenty year old has taken almost twenty courses. Indeed, a 2016 study found that over <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2016\/p0503-unnecessary-prescriptions.html\">30% of antibiotics prescribed in the U.S. are unnecessary<\/a><\/span>.<a href=\"#_edn35\" name=\"_ednref35\">[xxxv]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Generally, the fault does not lie with individual doctors. Besides patients demanding medication, they reflexively prescribe for sore throats to avoid occasionally fatal rheumatic fever, which typically occurs two or three weeks after an untreated strep infection and can be fatal. These infections are mainly viral and do not respond to antibiotics, but problematically a sore throat may already have been colonised by a strain of bacteria that is not causing the disease.<\/p>\n<p>Today most bacterial infections are treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Martin Blaser asserts that: \u2018Until doctors can readily distinguish viral from bacterial throat infections, they will always follow the safer course.\u2019 He continues: \u2018It is not profitable for companies to go to the trouble and enormous expense of developing new antibiotics.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn36\" name=\"_ednref36\">[xxxvi]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Targeted antibiotics are only applicable in a small number of cases, and make little sense where companies are concerned with the bottom line, as opposed to the overall health of the patient, and society. A genuinely public healthcare system dictating research priorities would surely address this problem, and help confront Covid-19 and other respiratory diseases.<\/p>\n<p>Another problem lies with the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture. Just as in humans, untreatable bacterial infections are emerging in farm animals and these are passing the species barrier into human populations. Often farmers utilise antibiotics not to treat disease but in order for these animals to grow more quickly. The practice of using sub-therapeutic doses is now banned in the EU but the law is difficult to enforce.<\/p>\n<p>Blaser also connects over-use to the obesity pandemic as antibiotics also cause weight gain in humans. This is borne out by studies showing obese individuals to have far less of a range of bacterial strains compared to individuals of normal weight. An NHS study the <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3798029\/\">Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children<\/a><\/span> showed that children who received antibiotics in the first six months of life were likely to have a higher body mass index.<a href=\"#_edn37\" name=\"_ednref37\">[xxxvii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Air Quality<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-8012 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Coronavirus-Clean-Air-300x227.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"650\" height=\"492\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As in most crises, there is a silver lining to the Covid-19 pandemic as we witness huge improvements in air quality all across the world.<\/p>\n<p>In 2008, the <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-46017339\">European Environment Agency<\/a><\/span> warned that air pollution causes almost 500,000 premature deaths in Europe every year, with most of the twenty-eight EU states failing to meet air quality targets.<\/p>\n<p>In 2015, about 422,000 people died prematurely in European countries from exposure to harmful levels of fine particle matter (PM2.5). These particles are too small to see or smell but cause or aggravate heart disease, asthma and lung cancer.<\/p>\n<p>The report also attributed 79,000 premature deaths to the toxic gas nitrogen dioxide (NO2) \u2013 related to vehicles and central boilers. Ground-level ozone (O3) is also killing an estimated 17,700 people, prematurely, across European nations.<\/p>\n<p>The main sources of air pollution are: fuel-consuming forms of transport; energy production and distribution; commercial and institutional buildings, and homes; industry agriculture, and waste management.<a href=\"#_edn38\" name=\"_ednref38\">[xxxviii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Air pollution has been linked to elevated mortalities<\/span> in hot spots such as New York and Lombardy, where the Alps are visible from Milan as never before.<a href=\"#_edn39\" name=\"_ednref39\">[xxxix]<\/a> This Great Pause allows us to reflect on the necessity of much of what we produce in our economies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spillover<\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8017\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8017\" style=\"width: 696px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-8017\" src=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/CAFO_Unionville_Missouri_2013_1-300x93.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"696\" height=\"216\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8017\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO), Unionville, Missouri, United States, owned by Smithfield Foods.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In 1994 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Laurie Garrett<\/span> warned the world:<\/p>\n<p><em>While the human race battles itself, fighting over ever more crowded turf and scarcer resources, the advantage moves to the microbes\u2019 court. They are our predators and they will be victorious if we, homo sapiens, do not learn how to live in a rational global village that affords the microbes few opportunities.<a href=\"#_edn40\" name=\"_ednref40\"><strong>[xl]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>The origins of most of the contagious diseases we confront lie in our relationship with other animals. As David Quames puts it: \u2018ecological disturbance causes disease to emerge. Shake a tree, and things fall out.\u2019 He warned that human activities are causing the disintegration of \u2018natural ecosystems at a cataclysmic rate.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn41\" name=\"_ednref41\">[xli]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Correctly, a huge amount of attention has been focused on China\u2019s so-called wet markets of captured or dead wildlife, as the probable location of a zoonotic incident that engendered the novel virus (involving bats and the rare pangolin as a reservoir host).<\/p>\n<p>Previously, a southern Chinese appetite for wild animals was conflated with a period of sustained economic growth in the 1990s, and termed \u2019<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenewatlantis.com\/publications\/the-red-plague\">the Era of Wild Flavor<\/a><\/span>.\u2019 Businessmen would reportedly gather at one of the province\u2019s many \u2018Wild Flavor\u2019 restaurants to feast on a great variety of animals, some of which were reputed to make consumers <em>fan rong<\/em> or \u2018prosperous.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn42\" name=\"_ednref42\">[xlii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>David Quames describes the scene at the markets:<\/p>\n<p><em>The catfish the crabs, and eels churned slowly in aerated tanks. The bullfrogs huddled darkly in scrums. It was grim to be reminded how we doom animals with our appetite for flesh, but this place seemed no more odd or morbid than a meat market anywhere.<a href=\"#_edn43\" name=\"_ednref43\"><strong>[xliii]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p>He goes on to warn that the risks are not limited to exotic meat markets, and that factory and livestock farms around the world present dangers: \u2018It\u2019s almost impossible to screen your pigs, cows, chicken, ducks, sheep, and goats for a virus of any sort until you have identified that virus (or at least a close relative), and we have only begun trying. He adds: \u2018tomorrow\u2019s virus pandemic may be no more than a \u201cblip on the productivity output\u201d of some livestock industry today.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn44\" name=\"_ednref44\">[xliv]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Cow fields are not a timeless and harmless rural idyll: \u2018A trillion pounds of cows, fattening in feedlots and grazing on landscapes that formerly supported wild herbivores, are just another form of human impact. They are a proxy for our appetites and we are hungry.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn45\" name=\"_ednref45\">[xlv]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Perhaps it is no coincidence that carnivorous is an anagram of coronavirus.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Little State, Big Government<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_8018\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8018\" style=\"width: 673px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-8018\" src=\"https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/1984_fictious_world_map_2-300x139.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"673\" height=\"312\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-8018\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fictitious map from George Orwell&#8217;s novel 1984.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The finger must come off the pause button soon. Whether we develop a vaccine or not, we cannot indefinitely endure life as contestants on a dystopian game show. For many of us restraints on natural inclinations \u2013 including so-called \u2018social distancing\u2019 \u2013 have been traumatic. Extended lockdowns will be impossible to enforce without a descent into a barbarity of petty betrayals and transhumance; while the Chinese approach of tracking movements through smart phones \u2013 <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/zakdoffman\/2020\/03\/27\/covid-19-phone-location-tracking-its-moving-fast-this-is-whats-happening-now\/#1b7e565e11d3\">adopted in other countries too<\/a><\/span><a href=\"#_edn46\" name=\"_ednref46\">[xlvi]<\/a> \u2013 is deeply sinister.<\/p>\n<p>As in Sweden, civil society can adjust behavioural norms to resist this virus and others to follow, and ensure governments respond meaningfully to even more pressing challenges, such as climate change and the Sixth Extinction. We may have to accept health passports at border checkpoints for a time, but within countries, we should expect freedom to roam, interact and trade.<\/p>\n<p>At this juncture we need a <em>Little State<\/em>, which does not impinge on basic liberties and privacy, but a <em>Big Government<\/em> \u2013 as in Sweden too \u2013 working to ensure conditions for human flourishing including: healthy nourishment, clean air and water, a roof over one\u2019s head, as well as education and basic healthcare.<\/p>\n<p>Anyone resistant to government intervention might consider <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/original-position\/\">John Rawls<\/a><\/span>\u2019s justification of a redistribution of wealth by allusion to a hypothetical rational agent, \u2018situated behind a veil of ignorance.\u2019<a href=\"#_edn47\" name=\"_ednref47\">[xlvii]<\/a> This fictional character cannot know the situation he will be born into, and must decide the kind of society he would favour. If the family you are born into is a lottery, any rational person surely favours an equitable distribution of wealth.<\/p>\n<p>At least we confront the prospect of another financial meltdown with an enhanced awareness of the financial clout of governments in a period of crisis. The public purse is deeper than has been acknowledged. Governments control the distribution and value ascribed to money, a measurement tool for the exchange of goods and services.<\/p>\n<p>In terms of public health we can reduce the use of antibiotics and other unnecessary drugs; promote exercise and combat sedentarism; curb pollution; and highlight the danger of over-consumption of unhealthy foodstuffs.<\/p>\n<p>It would be tragic if this pandemic led to the demonization and eradication of animals that could harbour suspect viruses, as opposed to leading to the permanent closure of the wet markets and hopefully factory farming too. Quite apart from the morality of this, we are dealing with highly complex ecosystems. Any measure could have unintended, dire consequences.<\/p>\n<p>As the <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/biodiversity\/\">U.N.\u2019s Sustainability Goals<\/a><\/span><a href=\"#_edn48\" name=\"_ednref48\">[xlviii]<\/a> reminds us, biodiversity is essential for human flourishing. The limits of natural capital must be taken into account if economic activity is to remain sustainable, which is especially important for feeding populations. The pandemic highlights crucial interdependencies, and the catastrophic consequences of another outbreak means that the burden to adapt is shared by us all.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> David Smith, \u2018Trump sows confusion with claim coronavirus drug will be ready soon\u2019, <em>The Guardian<\/em>, March 19<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2020\/mar\/19\/coronavirus-drug-trump-confusion-malaria-treatment-readiness<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[ii]<\/a> WHO, \u2018Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Myth busters\u2019 https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/advice-for-public\/myth-busters<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[iii]<\/a> Megan Molteni, \u2018Everything You Need to Know About Coronavirus Vaccines\u2019, <em>Wired<\/em>, April 3<sup>rd<\/sup>, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-coronavirus-vaccines\/\">https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-coronavirus-vaccines\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[iv]<\/a> Untitled, \u2018Coronavirus: Vaccine could be ready as early as September, according to scientist\u2019 <em>Sky News<\/em>, April 12<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, \u00a0https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/coronavirus-vaccine-could-be-ready-as-early-as-september-according-to-scientist-11971804<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[v]<\/a> Derek Lowe, \u2018Coronavirus Vaccine Prospects\u2019 <em>In the Pipeline<\/em>, April 15<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020 https:\/\/blogs.sciencemag.org\/pipeline\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[vi]<\/a> Julio Vincent Gambuto, \u2018Prepare for the Ultimate Gaslighting*\u2019, <em>Medium<\/em> April 10<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, https:\/\/forge.medium.com\/prepare-for-the-ultimate-gaslighting-6a8ce3f0a0e0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[vii]<\/a> \u2018Yuval Noah Harari: the world after coronavirus\u2019 March 20<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020 https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/19d90308-6858-11ea-a3c9-1fe6fedcca75?fbclid=IwAR2am6cP4xQoG17fnKTsCeJdteQJRNwE_D6YkUkkZL25gD7AQN4CW8AOFck<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[viii]<\/a> Yasmen Serhan, \u2018The EU Watches as Hungary Kills Democracy\u2019, April 2<sup>nd<\/sup>, 2020, <em>The Atlantic<\/em>, \u00a0https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2020\/04\/europe-hungary-viktor-orban-coronavirus-covid19-democracy\/609313\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[ix]<\/a> Frank Armstrong, \u2018Democracy in Decay: Steve Bannon &amp; Jordan Peterson\u2019, January 17<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, <em>Cassandra Voices<\/em>, \u00a0https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/current-affairs\/global\/democracy-in-decay-steve-bannon-and-jordan-peterson\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[x]<\/a> WHO, \u2018Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2019, February, 2020, https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[xi]<\/a> Charles M. Blow, \u2018Social Distancing Is a Privilege\u2019, <em>New York Times<\/em>, April 4<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/05\/opinion\/coronavirus-social-distancing.html\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/05\/opinion\/coronavirus-social-distancing.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[xii]<\/a> Robert Booth, \u2018Half of coronavirus deaths happen in care homes, data from EU suggests\u2019, <em>The Guardian,<\/em> April 13<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/13\/half-of-coronavirus-deaths-happen-in-care-homes-data-from-eu-suggests<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[xiii]<\/a> Worldometer, \u2018Sweden\u2019, https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/country\/sweden\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[xiv]<\/a> Frank Armstrong, \u2018Ireland\u2019s Response to the Coronavirus\u2019, <em>Cassandra Voices<\/em>, March 28<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/current-affairs\/irelands-response-to-the-coronavirus-pandemic\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[xv]<\/a> Niclas Rolander, \u2018Swedish Virus Deaths top 1000 fueling criticism over strategy\u2019 <em>Bloomberg<\/em>, April 14<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020 https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-04-14\/swedish-virus-deaths-top-1-000-fueling-criticism-over-strategy<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\" name=\"_edn16\">[xvi]<\/a> A. Rhodes, P. Ferdinande, H. Flaatten, B. Guidet, P. G. Metnitz &amp; R. P. Moreno, \u2018The variability of critical care bed numbers in Europe\u2019, Intensive Care Medicine volume 38, pages1647\u20131653(2012), <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-012-2627-8\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00134-012-2627-8<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\" name=\"_edn17\">[xvii]<\/a> Untitled, \u2018Before Sweden Was Social-Democratic, An interview with Erik Bengtsson\u2019, <em>Jacobin Magazine<\/em>, September, 2019, https:\/\/www.jacobinmag.com\/2019\/09\/sweden-social-democracy-erik-bengtsson<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\" name=\"_edn18\">[xviii]<\/a> Melissa Godin, \u2018Sweden&#8217;s Relaxed Approach to the Coronavirus Could Already Be Backfiring\u2019, <em>Time Magazine<\/em>, April 9<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/5817412\/sweden-coronavirus\/\">https:\/\/time.com\/5817412\/sweden-coronavirus\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\" name=\"_edn19\">[xix]<\/a> Untitled, \u2018Revealed: The state of Sweden&#8217;s housing shortage\u2019, <em>The Local<\/em>, May 14<sup>th<\/sup>, 2019, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thelocal.se\/20190514\/revealed-the-state-of-swedens-housing-shortage\">https:\/\/www.thelocal.se\/20190514\/revealed-the-state-of-swedens-housing-shortage<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\" name=\"_edn20\">[xx]<\/a> Simon Johnson, \u2018Sweden grapples with housing market reform as risks mount\u2019, <em>Reuters<\/em>, December 18<sup>th<\/sup>, 2019, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/sweden-economy-housing\/sweden-grapples-with-housing-market-reform-as-risks-mount-idUSL8N28L43A<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\" name=\"_edn21\">[xxi]<\/a> Rowena Mason, \u2018UK could have Europe&#8217;s worst coronavirus death rate, says adviser\u2019, April 12<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, <em>The Guardian<\/em>, <em>\u00a0<\/em>https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/apr\/12\/uk-could-have-europes-worst-coronavirus-death-rate-says-pandemic-expert<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\" name=\"_edn22\">[xxii]<\/a> Randy Martin, <em>Financialization of Daily Life<\/em>, http:\/\/tupress.temple.edu\/book\/3182<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\" name=\"_edn23\">[xxiii]<\/a> Chris Smyth, \u2018No 10 denies Dominic Cummings would have let elderly die\u2019, March 23<sup>rd<\/sup>, 2020, <em>The Times<\/em>, https:\/\/www.thetimes.co.uk\/article\/no-10-denies-dominic-cummings-would-have-let-elderly-die-qsl760jr9<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref24\" name=\"_edn24\">[xxiv]<\/a> Jeffrey Kluger, \u2018The True Impact of Underlying Health Conditions on Coronavirus Severity\u2019, April 1<sup>st<\/sup>, 2020, <em>Time Magazine<\/em>, https:\/\/time.com\/5813711\/coronavirus-underlying-conditions\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref25\" name=\"_edn25\">[xxv]<\/a> WHO, \u2018Obesity and overweight\u2019 March 3<sup>rd<\/sup>, 2020, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref26\" name=\"_edn26\">[xxvi]<\/a> Frank Armstrong, \u2018The Unbearable Heaviness of Human Beings\u2019, October 7<sup>th<\/sup>, 2020, <em>The London Magazine<\/em>, https:\/\/www.thelondonmagazine.org\/article\/the-unbearable-heaviness-of-human-beings-2\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref27\" name=\"_edn27\">[xxvii]<\/a> Irene Papanicolas, Liana R. Woskie, and Ashish Jha \u2018Health Care Spending in the United States and Other High-Income Countries\u2019, <em>Commonwealth Fund,<\/em> March 13<sup>th<\/sup>, 2018,<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.commonwealthfund.org\/publications\/journal-article\/2018\/mar\/health-care-spending-united-states-and-other-high-income<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref28\" name=\"_edn28\">[xxviii]<\/a> OECD.stat https:\/\/stats.oecd.org\/index.aspx?queryid=30114<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref29\" name=\"_edn29\">[xxix]<\/a> Vanessa McMains, \u2018Johns Hopkins study suggests medical errors are third-leading cause of death in U.S.\u2019, <em>John Hopkins University<\/em>, May 3<sup>rd<\/sup>, 2016, https:\/\/hub.jhu.edu\/2016\/05\/03\/medical-errors-third-leading-cause-of-death\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref30\" name=\"_edn30\">[xxx]<\/a> Julian Tudor Hart, \u2018The Inverse Care Law\u2019, <em>The Lancet<\/em>, February 27<sup>th<\/sup>, 1971, https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lancet\/article\/PIIS0140-6736(71)92410-X\/fulltext<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref31\" name=\"_edn31\">[xxxi]<\/a> Frank Armstrong, \u2018Cancer \u2013 A Distorted Version of Our Normal Selves\u2019 <em>Cassandra Voices<\/em>, September 7<sup>th<\/sup>, 2019, https:\/\/cassandravoices.com\/uncategorized\/cancer-a-distorted-version-of-our-normal-selves\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref32\" name=\"_edn32\">[xxxii]<\/a> Untitled, \u2018Q&amp;A on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat\u2019, <em>WHO<\/em> October 26<sup>th<\/sup>, 2015 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/q-a-detail\/q-a-on-the-carcinogenicity-of-the-consumption-of-red-meat-and-processed-meat<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref33\" name=\"_edn33\">[xxxiii]<\/a> \u2018Preventing Heart Disease\u2019, The Nutrition Source, Harvard School of Public Health, https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/nutritionsource\/disease-prevention\/cardiovascular-disease\/preventing-cvd\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref34\" name=\"_edn34\">[xxxiv]<\/a> Claas Kirchhelle, Adam Roberts, Andrew C. Singer, \u2018Antibiotic Resistance Could Lead to More COVID-19 Deaths\u2019, <em>Scientific American,<\/em> April 1<sup>st<\/sup>, 2020, 2020https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/observations\/antibiotic-resistance-could-lead-to-more-covid-19-deaths\/<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref35\" name=\"_edn35\">[xxxv]<\/a> Center for Disease Control and Protection, \u2018CDC: 1 in 3 antibiotic prescriptions unnecessary\u2019 \u00a0https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/releases\/2016\/p0503-unnecessary-prescriptions.html<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref36\" name=\"_edn36\">[xxxvi]<\/a> Martin Blaser, <em>Missing Microbe: How Killing Bacteria Creates Modern Plagues<\/em>, One World, London 2014 pp.64-78.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref37\" name=\"_edn37\">[xxxvii]<\/a> L. 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As the coronavirus Covid-19 pandemic sweeps across the globe, doctors are performing heroics, often at grave risks to their own health. Enhanced screening, testing and emergency treatment facilities, along with developing a vaccine, are now paramount considerations; but we [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":8023,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[353,471,605,749,765,964,966,993,1514,1903,1931,1981,2015,2303,2323,2878,3064,4281,4979,5381,5522,5576,5920,6050,6217,6489,6763,7295,7452,7545,8481,8485,8486,8488,8561,8567,8774,8789,9042,9154,9466,9580,9694,9724,9781,9808,10011,10276,10303],"class_list":["post-8004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","tag-air-quality","tag-amphibiosis","tag-antibiotic-overuse","tag-avner-offer","tag-bacterial-opportunists","tag-big-government","tag-big-pharma","tag-biome","tag-causes-of-obesity","tag-contagion-within-families","tag-coronavirus","tag-covid-19","tag-covid-19-pandemic","tag-david-quames","tag-deaths-from-poor-air-quality","tag-elderly-care-homes","tag-european-environment-agency","tag-iatrogenic-illness","tag-john-rawls","tag-laurie-garrett","tag-life-under-lockdown","tag-little-state","tag-martin-blaser","tag-mediterranean-diet","tag-missing-microbes","tag-neo-liberalism-and-obesity","tag-obesity","tag-pm2-5","tag-private-healthcare","tag-public-v-private-health","tag-social-democrat-policies","tag-social-distancing","tag-social-distancing-is-a-privilege","tag-social-gradient","tag-species-barrier","tag-spillover","tag-sustainability-goals","tag-swedens-response-to-covid-19","tag-the-era-of-wild-flavor","tag-the-link-between-stress-and-obesity","tag-tomorrows-virus-pandemic","tag-tudor-hart-inverse-care-law","tag-underlying-conditions","tag-untreatable-bacterial-infections","tag-vaccine-trials","tag-veil-of-ignorance","tag-wet-markets","tag-yuval-noah-harari","tag-zoonosis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8004"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8004\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casswp.eutonom.eu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}