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  • Fiction: Fez

    December light spills down the halka, through the shutters and across my bed. Living in Fez, the small daily chores take me back to a country lane in Ireland that houses a thatch cottage where my mother and grandparents lived. As the days and months pass, I harbor my habit of disconnection. Studying Darija has been an opportunity to hide, mostly because it reminds me of studying Irish in primary school and living in Ireland as a teenager in 1996. My grandmother is pacing the kitchen floor puffing from a packet of No.6 cigarettes. She is dressed in her brown skirt covered in black diamonds. She lifts up the blue plastic jug from the kitchen counter full of whipped dream-topping cream that I love to lick. It’s the same duck-blue color that surrounds the framed picture of the sacred heart above her head. In the background the crackling muffles of the radio as I sneakily throw my unwanted dinner in the bin behind her back.

    When I open my shutter, the man across the way peeks in. I recall the incident from yesterday, when he flashes me on the street. He lifts up his Jellaba and reveals his wares. My reaction is underwhelming. He is looking for a fight. I, on the other hand, decline and walk away with a slight chuckle.

    Today the light is sharper, shining through the soft rain casting my reflection on the Zelig tile in the Dhar. I remember the squelch of my grandfather’s boots entering the back hallway, him being careful not to drag the dirt from the garden onto the floor of our house, reading the Irish Independent newspaper in the worn-in armchair, and when I coax him, he plays scrabble when no one else wants to putter about with words and language.

    I am in the upstairs room in Fez. My roommates are two men, one an American named John and the other an Irishman called Patrick. John is the caretaker of the house and graciously allows Patrick and I to stay for free, despite the detail that it’s not his house. Patrick is a broke writer who somehow finds money to travel. Eggy, who lives around the corner, is from the Midlands in Ireland and wears his grumpiness like a lace collar around his neck. A notorious expat, he scurries into the house to announce his current woe: he doesn’t have a washing machine. So, he arrives on our doorstep to borrow ours.

    I remember our old washing machine in Ireland, it has a roller on top to squeeze the water out of the clothes. We didn’t have a dryer in those days. It is in an outside shed with an extra toilet that had faulty plumbing. One day I was in there pretending to be a grown up, twisting the roller to flatten out one of my bottle-green school jumpers, when the nearby toilet overflows and sweeps me out of my long darn of a daydream. It is a complete interruption. The water gushes around my feet, and as I yell for help, I leap up and lean toward the door as my grandmother comes out, cigarette hanging from her mouth, to observe the catastrophe.

    On this particular morning in Fez, the lashing rain pours in the center of our house because there is to no roof.  Eggy approaches, wet from the rain. John, Patrick, and I sit around a breakfast table, comfortable as sin that would overflow a beer bottle. This day is a refrain to my past, when days were idle, chores were playacting, and the whole entirety of my being was to dither away the days.  Rain pokes mischief out of a quiet endless afternoon as nothing moves. Inhabiting that static wind or picking that blackberry from an unruly bush becomes my familiar idle country lane.

    Mid-conversation we joke, and up walks Eggy wet, frustrated, and irksome. In an explosive moment, he emphatically bursts out, “I hate the whole feckin’ lot of yez!” A moment of silence follows, before I seriously respond, “that really hurt my feelings; did that hurt your feelings?” I ask the others. Quickly the table churns in solid laughter that almost stops the rain. Eggy marches off in a giant sulk as we all stare at one another flabbergasted.

    When trouble is brewing back home, when you knew to duck behind a chest of drawers or under a bed or climb into the attic, you go to be alone and inhabit that private world that only you knew, a world where ignorance sits without judgement. Staring out a window at a green hedge daydreaming at the big cow’s head helped me push through.

    Last night Patrick snuck in my room with the excuse that he was cold. I was watching Jules and Jim, and he claimed he wanted to see the film. He strolled in, singing a line from a song, “I’m moving to the country; gonna’ eat a lotta peaches.”

    It didn’t bother him that years ago, we were in a single bed in my parent’s house in Ireland, when he tried and failed. He still tries his best to put his hand up my shirt. My mind is elsewhere, chasing the hum of the winding clock or limping around a fragment of a memory that’s far more intriguing, a postcard moment in a day where an image floats and lands in a pin cushion. Like the first time I cried or let go of anger or hid a feeling so deep I fell into a dark well.

    I am not overwhelmed by him then, yet there he was again beside me, breathing in my ear, his head on my pillow. Pulling on the blanket, creating a draft, he leaves to use the bathroom. He returns with a completely white face and mutters, “there’s a rat in the toilet, what should I do?” I sigh, “take the rug in the corner and put it over the toilet seat.” He walks back out to complete the task. Then as I turn my head away from him, a scent blows in that pulls me into my grandparents’ bedroom. My grandfather is walking around in his long johns, and I am lying cozy between my grandmother and grandfather, knowing that as soon as they fall asleep, I will sneak into the giant brown wardrobe to try on my grandmother’s dentures and fur coat and become an alternate version of Frankenstein for Halloween.

    The following morning after breakfast I recall Patrick leafing through my collection of DVDs the night before. Upstairs he is packing his bags. I stick my head out the window; he is outside now and turns his head as my DVD of Bad Timing falls to the floor. I turn to pick it up and open the cover…the DVD is missing. I poke my head back out the window. He’s walking away singing “I’m moving to the country; gonna eat a lot of peaches.” I shout at him, “did you steal my DVD?” He turns around momentarily nodding his head and then sneaks away. I smile furiously, wishing I had a can of peaches to throw at him. He is headed back home for Christmas.

    I glance down at my clothes on the bed, feeling a combination of shame and guilt. I am in my parents’ living room, hiding behind the green couch next to the old piano. The velvet feels so soft against my skin. If I crouch down more, the wind will stop whistling, and I’ll disappear.

    Yesterday I got free milk from the local shop owner. I had forgotten my money. He says, “ghedda inshala,” tomorrow, and when the strap on my bag broke, the cobbler fixed it for free. I am walking down that school lane, the one that steals your thoughts, and the goat with the long rope around its neck terrifies me when I pass, he is staring me down. If the milk comes from there, I won’t drink it, I will implement a milk boycott.

    I am friendly with this British chap who is skinny and likes to chat. He wants to shop for a rug. We are walking around together a bit in the old city of Fez, which suggests to the locals we are an item, but that isn’t the case. He regales me with a story about two large ancient doors in the medina that disappeared one night, transported out on donkeys. I can’t get my head around how no one noticed. The doors were incredibly valuable, cherished items. It was important to retrieve them. The British chap tells me eventually the doors reappear at a fair in Casablanca and have to be returned to the original owner.

    The sound of two knitting needles click together and then break apart, three plain, one purl,  I imagine that time is fixed, that the windows and doors reflect my discomfort. When all is silent, and I resurface from behind the couch with a new brave face promising to high heaven to narrate a new reality for myself, a dander of a day, a different continent.

    That day, I bought a red rug. The British chap bought a mauve one. He asks me “if I’m romantic.” I wonder if he is hinting that I should be. But I am away from all loved ones, stealing solitude, chasing that country stream and thatch cottage all in the misshapen name of a familiar childhood lane. The lane with the well I almost fell down so deep and full of dark mystery that I can hear the refrain in my head; it has an enchanting  rhythm. And the comfort of a different  cozy velvet couch as I sit in its arm, talking to Mr. Kenna who bought our thatched cottage and the amazing sugared pink Easter eggs from Spain with a massive bow. He gifted me them after paying my grandparents the sum of five hundred pounds for the house. I liked him but is this a kind of thievery?

    The British chap appears for dinner; pasta is mostly served, but he contributes chocolate and a hot water bottle. In Fez, it’s freezing during the winter because the houses have no heat. The halka keeps the house cool in the summer, though it’s really cold in the winter. Houses in Ireland are cold, too…everyone arguing over who gets to put their backside in the range oven when the winter evenings drive you quickly indoors as one arrives home from school.

    My house renovation in Fez is proving challenging. It is the first time I speak to my father so frequently in a long time. I ring him from a pay phone at the top of the medina and ask him what work should I be doing to my house, rewiring the electricity or putting in a septic tank.  Diligently he advises me what to look out for, how to proceed, the renovation happening in Darija. Growing up speaking to my father was hard. He was constantly working, and when he wasn’t, the words didn’t come.

    An American architecture student wants to rent my house. In true medina style, we barter. I ask him what he needs for the house, and with the money he pays me, I buy a mattress, a kettle, and other necessities he agrees to. I tell him there is one rule: “Lock the door to your bedroom; this house is a construction site.” He agrees, and we shake on it.

    Three days later, the American student has a problem. His phone has been stolen. I ask, “where did you leave it; did you lock the door?” He forgot. So, the following day, I walk over to my Dhar and call a meeting with the work men. They all stand around, and I, a white western woman from Ireland, talk to my “mallum,” the foreman. We begin to discuss this “mushkill,” my problem.

    When I was a teenager, my brother worked at Quinnsworth and had this mad notion to rob sweets, Milky Way Bars. As we rode our bikes up the hill in the dark, his bundle of stolen chocolate rattled on the back of his bike. His friend Plug persuades him that the stars in the sky are aliens, and we are being invaded. As the darkness descends upon us, my brother crashes into a ditch. Our stolen cargo, the Milky Way’s, swim away in the dirty ditch water.

    All the men stand upright with their arms folded, and my plumber Adil walks into the house. He is coming from the mosque. Dressed in an elegant white jellaba, he looks very respectable. Some of the other men point their eyes in his direction, blaming him. I look at him, and he shakes his head slowly, a solid convincing no, while looking me straight in the eye. Okay. I observe for a second and decide to call their bluff.

    One man, is talking incessantly. I can only understand some of the words, but not all of the sentences. I look around the room and have my mallum translate, “I don’t want to have to call the police,” I say. This is followed by silence, then the man who is talking non-stop mysteriously climbs up the stairs and lifts the mattress. The phone reappears. No ditch water rights the wrong. It reminds me of the wandering doors, a journey back to Fez from Casablanca.  The American student gets his phone returned. All is forgiven. I am slowly learning the ways of the medina.

    Is it any different than going to Brophy’s? Brophy’s is the local sweet shop; the dogs would piss on the briquettes, and Mr. Brophy, with his crooked glasses, would nearly poke you in the eye with his stare. But my brother knew how to rob the toffee eclairs or a packet of silver mints, slip them in his side pocket, and dash for the door. Brophy would yell after us, “you little scuts!”

    A Moroccan man at the Red Eye Café asks my flat mate if I am married to either of the men I live with. Am I being judged? I find it amusing. I quite like the Red Eye Café; he is a local man and super cordial. He makes the most aromatic coffee with such care and dedication. He reminds me of my grandfather as he cooked stewed rhubarb and nettle soup in our kitchen. I call home and my parents are asking if I’m coming home for Christmas. I look at my bank account, which is very low, to see if I can afford an airline ticket. I don’t want to admit that the money isn’t there.

    I find myself on a Ryanair flight to Spain. I buy a bottle of champagne. As soon as I land in the airport in Spain, the Christmas songs are playing on a loop. The decorations are full throttle, and I gaze up at the large tree, which momentarily delights me. It is a moment of delving into my Christian roots. What did I cherish from that whole experience? I like the ritual of putting up the tree, some of the songs, but what draws one back to a homeland? Not the judgmental Edenderry head, a not-so-favorite, not-distant-enough family member.  She is odd out, wouldn’t give you the steam off her porridge! Ah, it must be the cows or the sheep.

    Strolling around the airport, I decide I’m one of those floaters who paraglide between continents, in search of an alternate reality. I can smell Faran Koicha, a street in the medina, the dead sheep skins, dead chickens and smokey hash. Suddenly that lingering loneliness floats and pulls me into its net and it feels like drowning. This makes me uncomfortable, too private to contemplate.

    I remember traveling to Punchestown races on a double-decker bus, carrying my First Communion handbag. It is white. I made my grandfather take me to the top of the bus to look out the window. I feel special, except that I left my bag with all my Communion money inside, a small fortune. I am so enthralled with the day’s outing and the company, everything else fades into soft focus.

    I am carrying my grandfather’s written memoir with me back home. My aunt who is now gone had typed it up into a book. His father took him to Punchestown races on an ass and cart in 1916. Now he’s passing on the tradition and taking me. I remember the bus slowing down and stopping. That floating feeling returns, uncertainty and unease, as the drifting continues. And I carry on, climbing the steps of the plane. I land in Dublin airport, champagne in hand.

    I hop on a Dublin southbound bus, and a woman next to me chats at me about how she is visiting her mother. She, too, moved away and seems chuffed about her good-looking husband and two daughters. “It’s well for some,” I thought. She announces she is doing well for herself, maybe she is another Edenderry head. I gaze out the window at the Irish hedges, and the misty rain swims like racing fish down the glass pane. I have forgotten it is Christmas Eve. I am headed to the family gathering.

    As I step off the bus, the barren trees, I look around to observe the factory town. It has changed since my last trip. I dial the number as my discomfort rises. I want to focus on my feeling more, but it escapes me. Uneasiness drags me down. What is this resistance. Distracted by a discarded coke can on the ground, I kick it down the road until I am tapped on the shoulder. It’s my mother.

    In the car driving with mother, I remember a day I got lost. I was dressed in my Communion red trousers suit and a white t-shirt, no shoes, my feet bare. In Co. Wicklow, we were headed off on holiday with our cousins from England and my gran-uncle, thirteen of us packed into a small green Ford Escort Estate. I didn’t have a seat.  I snuck out of the car and discovered a statue of the Virgin Mary surrounded by a water fountain.

    Enchanted by the water fountain, I fell into the longest daydream, losing myself. I’m seven years old. When I return, the family car has left without me, and the rain makes me cold. As my feet shiver, I cry until an unknown man takes me into his car to shelter from the rain, his wife and daughter huddled with us. They give me a packet of KP peanuts. It feels like a bag of gold. An hour passes and my parents return to collect me, finally noticing I’m missing.

    I remember the Virgin Mary statute from that day, and as our car pulls into the driveway for the Christmas party, a mutinous feeling spreads across my chest. Why do memories restrain me, hold me so tight? When I walk into the house, I see my father in his chair. I carefully walk towards him and lean over and whisper for a long while in his distended ear.

    He listens, chokes up, a tear runs down his cheek. The air moves about the room. The light shifts as a door bangs. The sound of a barking dog steals my focus, but I remain still as traditional Irish music breaks through. It is my first Christmas home in Ireland in seven years. We are ready. Readiness inhabits doubt, courage tasks the common good, and the lunacy of life marches us on its way, through the stolen door to arrive, and that is the work.

  • Poem: Old Road Sign

    Old Road Sign

    The sere severed plywood sign painted a modest white
    was nailed once to spindly posts among the water oaks.
    Now by accident it dangles, peeling and warped.
    Underbrush too dense perhaps to let the fool board fall.
    The paint is blanched so that it fairly imitates the mists
    oft seen in bayous chockablock with oaks and black gums
    and strands of gray-green moss on cypress limbs,
    but five large letters—grim reminders of ill will—
    still glare as bright as the morning when the prophet shoved
    cheap pine posts down in the weedy grass and muck.
    Broad feverish strokes in a harsh shade of red,
    they’re there for homeless ducks and long-haul truckers—grunts,
    dogsbodies, quacks—to read and contemplate…REPEN.
    While stenciled on the far edge of the broken sign,
    the faded letters barely legible…JESU.

    Image: Daniele Idini

  • Fiction: Old Poetry

    It was because of Daniel that Mary Ann remembered Tom again; because she’d found out about Daniel’s latest affair. “Latest” was how she would position it to everyone now; one of an incalculable number—whether spaced apart or pressed together didn’t matter anymore because Mary Ann could only see a faceless mass of paramours sprawled one across the other like bacteria floating desultorily beneath a microscope.

    Daniel had played the only card he had left, complaining about how long she’d sat on the knowledge and how she’d chosen to confront him when he was about to catch a flight to visit his sick mother, probably to see her for the last time. He’d used the word “scheming” as he punched his arms into his jacket, and she’d laughed at his big baby anger. But, as he stepped his shoes on, he seemed to think his way into a movie scene and returned to place his hands on her shoulders and to tell her he was sorry, and that he loved her.

    “I’ll call you when I land,” he’d said.

    “I’ll put you onto the girls,” she’d replied, closing the door slowly but firmly.

    She’d heard his shoes crunch forlornly and forcibly on the gravel driveway and heard him grunt “Bitch!” before the clunk of a car door and the long electronic whine of his Uber leaving.

    Alone, she poured a glass of white wine and watched a reality TV show about affluent Londoners almost half her age where the weekly relationship melodrama depended on the word-of-mouth testimony and half-remembered memories of a hard-drinking and careless cast. Of course, she’d always accepted that the premise of the show would disintegrate if the cast members were allowed to sprint pitch side to confirm what had really happened, like a referee in a football match ruling out an offside call. In this way, she’d allowed herself to enjoy the participants’ antics without committing to the idiocy of the premise, but the sudden debilitation of her own love-life had brought the previously unappreciated reality element of the show into sharp relief and after twenty minutes of rumour-fueled enchantment followed by a series of cruel and common betrayals she switched the TV off and turned on her laptop.

    She mixed a loose gin and tonic and surfed old 90s music online; frantic, dancer-laden and game semi-or-fully-dubbed live performances from shows like Top of The Pops. Even though, in some cases, the recordings were almost thirty years old, the participants still glowed with the sheen and irrepressible beauty of youth.

    The Spice Girls daisy-chaining to “Wannabe” like a toolbelt of pop perfection, Britney rocking her wireless headset like a sexed-up call center operator. Saffron from Republica performing “Ready to Go” and attempting to gin up a listless audience by shrieking repeatedly into the front row.

    She didn’t recall Tom until she hit Suede’s Saturday night, the opening guitar riff and the light yearning of Brett Anderson’s falsetto melting into her ears.

    He’s not her usual type. She normally goes for clean-cut, blonde, smart-casual types but he’s slim and dark-featured, his black denim shirt spilling over his blue jeans, the top button undone, the dark gully of his tanned neck visible in the sticky light of Coppers nightclub.

    He’s moving rhythmically and casually towards her, passing in and out of view as he rolls through the crowd with an ease that makes everyone around him seem insubstantial. Everyone but her, because the dark, smiling eyes stay on her as he navigates the swaying press.

    Now, he is so close, she can see the tiny circles of light swaying in the darkness of his irises.

    As the song builds, he takes her hand in his and she feels the warm curl of his palm as their fingers interlock and the tiny overture of a nail travels along her spine and he moves into her space and she into his and they inhabit the music while their lips, at first tentatively, seek, then fiercely, pursue.

    The sun empties upon their naked bodies as they wake in her single bed, unknotting slowly and experimentally while they exchange amazed smiles, as though recipients of an unexpected gift.

    Even dressed, he takes five attempts to finally leave, returning each time to touch noses and kiss her and to remind her how beautiful she is and, each time, she replies with a bright, clerical “Why, thank you” which makes him grin until finally he is gone and she examines his name—his full name—and phone number carefully inscribed on a torn section of tissue box and she swings her naked legs about and laughs.

    For their first real date, they go to the cinema. The film is a mainstream romantic vehicle; his suggestion but while they get drinks and popcorn, he stands apart from her with his head down as though hiding his identity. The shyness of the brightly lit foyer gives way to the comfort of darkness, and they touch and kiss and might even pretend the burgeoning onscreen romance bears some affinity to their own until, at the moment of consummation, as a slow song beckons the first onscreen kiss, the voice of a man in the audience nearby launches a distinctive, full-throated and uncontrollable laugh which the rest of the audience, including them, join into until the whole theatre is a roaring, hooting, vibrating mess. The romantic denouement, when it comes, plays out beneath an undignified aftershock of giggles.

    She goes back to his flat in a three-story Georgian house on the Southside. The downstairs hallway smells of curry and old smoke damage and the corners rattle with the enraged dither of trapped bluebottles, but his apartment is surprisingly spacious and clean, and she feels an exotic charge as they undress slowly in front of each other under the high ceiling with the bulbs blazing around them.

    Afterwards, she is lying against him, a pond of blond hair spilling over his chest. The main lights have been turned off and the orange glow from the lamp reminds her of a spotlight and lends a theatrical immediacy to their conversation.

    She points at the wall of books.

    “Have you read them all?”

    “They’re mostly to impress my sexual conquests.”

    She strokes his face to hers and gives him a long teasing kiss.

    “Mmmm, it’s working.”

    “You’re a scientist, right?” he says.

    “Student scientist,” she corrects.

    “You think the World Wide Web will kill off bookshops?”

    “I don’t think so.” She smiles. “People will always need places. We met in a place, didn’t we?”

    “What a place.”

    “My grandfather used to say that we’re only ever born in one place but when we die, we die everywhere.”

    He stares thoughtfully into the shadows on the edge of the lamplight.

    “Your grandfather sounds very wise.” He laughs. “And a bit dark. If this internet thing of yours catches on, maybe that’ll change and we’ll finally be able to die in one place, though knowing my luck it’ll probably be Geocities.”

    She gestures to the wall of bookshelves.

    “If it does catch on, I can always come to your place to get my fix of old-fashioned printed words.”

    “Anytime. You know old-fashioned printed words can save your life?”

    “Oh yeah?”

    She is waiting for him to make a playful joke. Instead, he slowly disengages from her, from them, and, still naked, scans the shelves gravely and returns with a slim, unadorned paperback. When he’s reintegrated beneath her, he hands her the book and she studies the title conscientiously.

    “Darkness Visible?”

    “Uh huh.”

    She turns it around and reads the blurb and the reviews on the back then turns to look him in the eyes.

    “This saved your life?”

    He nods shyly and she caresses his cheek and ear and kisses him tenderly.

    “Oh baby.”

    But she has imprecise reservations.

    He is everything she isn’t. Dark. Wounded. Opaque.

    When she talks about her family and their modest but supportive upbringing, he nods and smiles but she can see in his eyes that he has no frame of reference for this, and she may as well be relating a popular myth which he is only hearing for the first time.

    He says next to nothing about his family, except to imply he hasn’t seen them in a while and what he hears of them now are whispers he would prefer remain unamplified.

    She tells him about her college courses, specialties and plans; plans that stretch into a far flung tomorrow of homes and children. He is amazed that anyone can plan so far ahead and in such detail. All his plans begin in maybes and end in places that sound like the start of a movie in which the protagonists all die horribly.

    “Maybe you can come visit me over there someday,” he says but then shakes his head, embarrassed at fastening her to such whimsy.

    “Someday,” she says with a smile and a kiss.

    They have their first fight a week later. They’re in Coppers again and they’ve both drunk too much. He’s angry about the never-ending parade of guys hitting on her every time he returns from the toilets.

    “What can I do?” she says.

    “You could try not being so damn friendly,” he says. “You like those guys in t-shirts that are two sizes too small for them. Wait and see: you’ll end up leaving me for one of them.”

    She laughs but her denial isn’t quick or passionate enough for him because they end up exchanging mis-heard provocations in the club then shouting at one another, no less incoherently, on the street outside and she cries and takes a cab home alone. He lights a cigarette and smokes sullenly as she gets into the taxi and she imagines him watching as her cab is absorbed into the exodus of lights on Harcourt Street.

    The next morning, she mopes around her apartment, finally drawn to the mailbox downstairs where she finds a hand-written unstamped envelope with her name on it. She recognises his handwriting.

    She extracts and unfolds a single sheet of white paper with a poem carefully handwritten on it:

    Breakfast, Morning After

    Everything on this plate is overcooked,

    I am too.

    Last night’s sentimentality boiled over,

    Now, it’s stuck on the pan of our two minds,

    Like incomprehensible glue.

     

    It’s the first time she’s received a poem that wasn’t written by a greeting card company.

    She returns to her apartment and dials his number, which is on the same piece of cardboard he’d first written it on, and which has sat by the phone since she got home the night before.

    His phone rings for an antagonistically long time but she keeps it to her ear until, finally, his downstairs neighbour answers it by bellowing the name of his company followed by his own name.

    Before either of them can say anything else, she hears a noise in the background and a smile in the neighbour’s voice as he somewhat demurely adds, “He’s coming now.”

    A few seconds later Tom’s voice gasps, “Mary Ann?”

    “I got your poem.”

    “I need to see you.”

    They last another two weeks. Two weeks of late-night club-crawling followed by all night lovemaking and all-day shut-ins. She misses so many classes that the head of her department calls to check if she’s okay and, at Tom’s encouragement, she bereaves herself of a beloved aunt-or was it was an abhorred uncle?

    Both feel themselves on the cusp of something, but neither can square the circle of difference that lies between them; the forking of paths already beneath their feet.

    Fittingly, it ends in Coppers.

    They both sense what’s coming and this foreknowledge lends an astral tenderness to the night. They sit in the beer garden so they can speak.

    She breaks the deadlock.

    “I’ve got to go back to classes or they’re going to turf me out.”

    He laughs and takes her hands in his.

    “I’ve got my plane ticket,” he says.

    “You’re really going? That’s great, baby. I’m so happy for you.”

    “I guess you shamed me into it with all those plans of yours that stretch into 2050.”

    They drink and make out and, near the end of the night, Suede’s “Saturday Night” is played. They rush inside and slow dance to it, folding into the mass of people on the floor until it feels like they are alone, the pirouetting axis of a cosy circle of darkness.

    Her memories slip on the gleaming surface of the past and when she recovers the memory, he is walking her to the taxi rank one last time, made debonair in her reconstruction with his jacket on her shoulders against the sudden cold.

    “I’ve got a confession to make,” he says.

    “What’s that?”

    “You know that movie we went to, where the guy started laughing during the love scene?”

    “Yeah.”

    “I went to see that film the day before I brought you, to make sure it was romantic enough to take you to. It’s not really my area so I needed to do a bit of research.”

    She stops to caress his cheek.

    “Oh, that’s so sweet baby.”

    “It was, until that guy tore the arse out of it.”

    “I guess now we know why he was laughing.”

    “Yeah,” he says. “I guess we do.”

    She reaches the head of the queue and hands him his jacket and they kiss one last time.

    “Good luck with the future,” he says.

    “You too,” she says. “Maybe I’ll see you in a place there someday.”

    “Someday.”

    She imagines herself not looking back and allowing him to disappear unseen into the anonymous crowd, but she can’t help seeing him standing there, staring at her taxi as it fades into the night, so perhaps she did look back one last time. She imagines their eyes meeting in that final look and something, unsaid, passing between them but can’t remember if that’s really what happened or only what she wanted to have happened.

    Mary Ann snaps back into the moment. Her phone shows three missed calls from Daniel but she scorns them and the voice in her head and pours herself another drink.

    She searches the internet for Tom using his full name and studies the images that come back, trying to match them to an imagined Tom who is 24 years older or to remove 24 years from the faces she sees but none of them have the dark eyes she remembers so vividly.

    She feels wrong about Googling the poem after all this time but a sudden wave of doubt that it might not have been original persuades her to search for it and the resulting screen of irrelevances prompts a loud sigh of relief.

    She searches Facebook and Instagram and Twitter, imagining as she does a settled-down but still-handsome Tom, spared a paunch and receding hairline with the concession of just a few strategically placed lines about the eyes and an intrigue of grey above one temple. A Tom who is finally free of doubt, hauling a wife and kids into a boring, normal future. A Tom who offers chirpy updates or pithy quotes. But this Tom is nowhere to be found on Google or social networks or anywhere else on the internet so, with a narrow pout of satisfaction, she imagines an unplugged free spirit in a remote beach bar on the edge of the Caribbean Sea and she imagines a transistor radio on the small bar playing Suede’s “Saturday Night” and this Tom pausing to remember her, perhaps even this very night.

    She goes back to YouTube and replays the song and closes her eyes, remembering again the two of them dancing inside that cosy circle of darkness.

    But Tom is not sitting at a beach bar by the Caribbean Sea. He’s not had a wife or kids and he’s never used Facebook or Instagram or Twitter because in 2003, when Mary Ann was on secondment for her company in Seattle, Tom was walking his dog by the Grand Canal in the early hours of the morning, not two miles from where she is at this moment, and the dog jumped into the water by the lock. And Tom, without a moment’s hesitation, dived in after it and got into trouble, the dog somehow escaping but Tom’s hands scrabbling uselessly at the slippery walls until the air poured out of him and he sank into the dark water, the circle of light, that was the sun, diffusing into darkness above him.

     

     

    Feature Image: René Magritte, The Lovers II, 1928.

  • The Missing Link in Draghi’s E.U. Plan

    This article is the first in a forthcoming three-part series by Cillian Doyle on the role of the state in a mixed economy.

    Last month there were two seemingly unrelated events which in an Irish context can be connected. On September 9th Mario Draghi’s published his 400-page report on improving E.U. competitiveness. The report provides a series of recommendations for how the E.U., in the face of changing geopolitical realities, can acquire new industrial policy tools to deal with its ‘existential challenge’.

    A day later the Irish government was given the awkward news it had lost the Apple tax case. Despite its legal advisor Paul Gallagher describing the Commission’s case as ‘fundamentally flawed, confused and inconsistent’, that’s not how the ECJ saw it. Its punishment – €14 billion in additional tax revenue. As a result, it now has a financial war chest available for investment, but a dearth of policy ideas.

    This series deals with each in turn.

    Europe at the Crossroads

    Draghi’s report was intended to provide some harsh truths to E.U. leaders, by making them confront the reasons for Europe’s decline. Placing this within the wider geopolitical context, his report stresses that the E.U. continues to fall further behind the U.S. and China, whose successful innovation is being driven by ‘subsidies, industrial policies, state ownership and other practices.

    Writing in the Financial Times Adam Tooze argued that the report’s real target was ‘not China but the U.S.’. Perhaps Draghi and other E.U. policymakers felt catching China was a step too far but that matching the U.S. was a more realistic prospect. When we look at the share of global growth over the last ten years (2013-23) accruing to China, versus that of the U.S. and the E.U., we can see why (Figure 1).

    Figure 1

    % Share of 10 year global growth: China vs U.S. vs E.U. (2013-23)

    Source: World Economics Database

    Speaking shortly after the publication, Draghi seemed to underscore Tooze’s point, stressing that the E.U. was not only looking to defend itself from China, as much of the media commentary suggested, but also from the U.S..

    This recalled the discussion around the need for ‘strategic autonomy’ that was flirted with during the Trump administration, when it was argued Europe was best placed serving as a third pillar and bridge between the U.S. and China. Something hastily forgotten with the election of the Biden administration and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

    Since then, the von der Leyen Commission has stood firmly behind the U.S., so much so that even Foreign Policy magazine stated she ‘Might be too pro-American for Europe. The world is increasingly bifurcating into two blocs; ‘Team Unipolar’ led by the U.S. along with the E.U. and other G7 members, and ‘Team Multipolar’ led by the BRICS group, the relatively new intergovernmental organisation, which is growing in confidence and size (see figure 3).

    Figure 2

    % Share of 10-year global growth: the West vs BRICS (2013-23)

    Source: World Economics Database

    This hasn’t gone unnoticed by the E.U. institutions. The E.U. engages with BRICS, although it stresses on an ‘individual basis’. Last year the E.U. Parliament’s Committee on International Trade as part of their engagement with the Commission ‘underlined the need to keep an eye on the group’s expansion, especially considering the effect of a potential BRICS+ currency and the consequences for E.U. trade policy.

    Figure 3

    BRICS expansion 2023-2024

    BRICS encourages members to transact in domestic currencies for bilateral trade, as opposed to transacting in dollars and to a lesser extent the euro. They’re also trying to develop an alternative payment system to Belgian-based Swift. The dollar and Swift are key to the U.S. sanctions regime, and hence seen as posing risks.

    The Washington Post pointed out that the U.S.’ is currently subjecting around one third of countries in the world to some form of economic or financial sanction. Many of these are developing countries now looking towards BRICS as an alternative to the U.S. Rules Based Order, and Western dominated multilateral institutions (IMF/World Bank).

    Earlier this month U.S. Secretary of State Anthony Blinken stated that through its ‘human rights’ based foreign policy, the U.S. succeeded in rallying ‘the international community’ behind its Russian sanctions policy. However, as the Quincy Institute pointed out, ‘the large majority of countries around the world that have refused to join in sanctions and have called for an early peace — a call that has been repeatedly snubbed by Washington’.

    It was primarily the other members of Team Unipolar which rowed in behind the leader, with the von der Leyen Commission being particularly enthusiastic. As research by Thomas Fazi has shown, she used this exercise to assume more competencies for the Commission at the expense of E.U. Member States.

    Some portray this growing global divergence as one between democracies and autocracies. As Joseph Borrell recently acknowledged, however, this framing is used for political reasons. As he said himself, the West is allied with plenty of autocracies on the basis that they’re aligned with Western foreign policy.

    Super Mario World

    Where the E.U.’s future lies in all of this remains to be seen. But in the meantime, it must confront its challenges which are real, severe, and somewhat self-inflicted. Draghi’s report sets out in stark terms its relative decline in output and productivity growth. The latter singled out as a primary cause of its sagging growth. His report couldn’t have been published at a more appropriate time with the likes of Germany, Austria and Sweden falling into recession.

    Figure 4: GDP growth rates Q2 2024

    % Change over previous quarter (seasonally adjusted)[1]

    His report attempts to shift the E.U. away from what’s often seemed like a single-minded focus on competition policy, toward a new focus on industrial policy (hereafter IP). Whether such sweeping changes are possible in the absence of significant E.U. treaty change has been debated by legal scholars (see here for one critique).

    I’m more concerned with its proposed economic reforms, and in particular one which was curiously absent. It’s true these present something of a departure from established E.U. policy thinking and the conventional (neoclassical) economic philosophy which has generally underlain it.

    It’s also worth noting that up until quite recently, IP was described as ‘the economic practice that dares not speak its name’. Or as one leading member of the profession once said, ‘the best industrial policy is none at all.’

    Yet with the success of China’s IP and the U.S.’ recent adoption through the CHIPS Act and the hilariously misnamed Inflation Reduction Act, the E.U. had to act in kind. For students of history, those with an interest in development economics, or a general disdain for market fundamentalism, this move may have seemed long overdue.

    Every major power that developed did so through successful IP. The rapid recovery of Western Europe after WW2 was built on the back of it. The East Asian Tiger economies managed rapid industrialisation and technological advancement through a developmentalist approach, which often shirked the dictates of the Washington Consensus.

    But if you were thinking Draghi’s proposed ‘new Industrial Deal’ portends the return of state capitalism in a ‘post neoliberal’ world – not so fast. It was as interesting for what it didn’t say, as much as for what it did. The five most common tools of IP are (1) state-owned enterprises (SOEs), (2) trade policy, (3) public R&D, (4) long-term financing and (5) targeted supports for business.

    Table 1: Key recommendations of Draghi Report

    Industrial Policy

    Instrument

    Draghi Report? Recommendation(s) Comment
    State-owned

    enterprises

    No N/A N/A
    Trade policy Yes

     

    A new “Foreign Economic policy”.

    Coordinate purchases based on the European Union’s large internal market.

    Greater focus on need for E.U. Strategic Autonomy

    Use of preferential trade agreements to help facilitate direct investments in resource rich countries. More E.U. common procurement.
    Public R&D Yes

     

    Creating a European Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), suggests increasing R&D spending, investing in research infrastructure, and fostering a more innovation-friendly regulatory ecosystem Says there’s a need to tackle fragmented public R&D spending. Increase public R&D spending. Streamline multi-country trial management to make the E.U. a more attractive location for clinical R&D
    Long-term

    Financing, investment

     

    Yes

     

    Common E.U. borrowing framework,

    Need for additional investment (€800m p/a)

    E.U. Capital Markets Union,

    Banking Union

    Common borrowing could be a powerful tool but likely to draw resistance from certain E.U. states (i.e Germany). Desire to shift E.U. away from bank-based finance to market based finance (shadow banking).
    Targeted business

    support

     

    Yes

    Replacing state aid with European aid, simpler and more flexible regulation for SMEs, reduced administrative burdens GDPR legislation to be re-examined in the context of companies working on AI. Increasing computational capacity dedicated to the training and fine-tuning of AI models for innovative E.U. SMEs

     

    As we can see above, there’s a glaring omission from ‘Super Mario’s’ toolkit. Any serious discussion of the role of SOEs was absent. But we’ll return to this in part 2 and 3. First let’s deal with some of the report’s big takeaways.

    The headline figure which stands out was the call for increased investment of around €800 million per annum to ensure the E.U. meets its key competitiveness, climate and defence targets. This equates to the E.U. investing around 5% of its income on an annual basis. There’s something of an historical irony here.

    You might recall a certain former Greek Finance Minister proposing this very measure. Yanis Varoufakis once proposed allowing the European Investment Bank (EIB) to issue bonds which would have been purchased by the ECB to fund a Green New Deal. Despite presenting his proposal to E.U. Finance Ministers and Central Bankers, he was given short shrift.

    Whether such a measure is now possible seems unlikely. As Varoukafis points out, the disillusionment with the much smaller sized issuance of bonds by the Commission – as part of its NextGenerationEU – means there’s unlikely to be much appetite from investors or member-states at the more ambitious scale outlined by Draghi.

    Investors doubt the Commission’s ability to sufficiently expand its fiscal powers, and member states – particularly groups like the German ordoliberals – are cautious that such borrowing would be a Trojan Horse for the Commission to massively expand its tax competencies.

    In terms of trade policy, it argues for a new ‘foreign economic policy’ explicitly described as ‘statecraft’. This would marry decarbonisation with support of direct investments in resource rich countries. Preferential trade agreements could serve as bargaining chips to encourage such resource rich countries to open up to E.U. investment.

    It doesn’t hide the sense of urgency behind this, stating bluntly the E.U. has ‘lost its most important supplier of energy, Russia.’ It’s less the case that the E.U. has completely lost access, and more that due to sanctions it’s now purchasing Russian energy at a higher price via secondary countries (Turkey, Azerbaijan, etc), albeit at reduced levels.

    This coupled with rising tariffs on China (e.g. from 10% to 45% on EVs over the next five years) means the German economy – the E.U.’s workhorse – has, on the one hand, been starved of cheap energy inputs. On the other, its main trading partner (China) is demonstrating less demand for its high-quality outputs (cars, chemical products, etc).

    Germany is thus undergoing deindustrialisation. The U.S., thanks to its new IP turn and the manufacturing subsidies it’s now providing, has been one of the main beneficiaries. Deloitte found that two thirds of German companies had moved some of their operations overseas. That’s good news for the U.S., but bad news for Germany.

    Member states are also incurring high costs from the construction of LNG infrastructure (terminals, storage, and regasification units). Over 50% of LNG imports are from the U.S.. Again, good news for the U.S., but bad news for member states bearing the higher costs associated with LNG, placing it at a competitive disadvantage.

    One thing that seems to have been lost on the E.U. Commission is that they’ve replaced the energy risk associated with one overly dominant supplier (Russia), with that of another (the U.S.), whilst locking in higher prices for supply. If some future U.S. administration were to tax LNG exports to the E.U., then it could find itself at an even further competitive disadvantage.

    The report sets out various recommendations to boost public R&D and thereby help E.U. companies to innovate, particularly those in the tech sector. As we can see from table 2 of the top 10 public research institutions according to Nature Index Research Leaders 2024, seven of these were Chinese institutions, with just two from the E.U. and one from the U.S..

    In terms of the top 10 technology companies and banking institutions the situation for the E.U. is worse again. It’s not represented in the top 10 in either category. Draghi thus wants to allow for greater ease of mergers between E.U. tech companies which it’s hoped would see them rival their U.S./Chinese counterparts.

    Table 2:

    Top 10 Research Institutions, Tech companies and Banks

    R&D (2024)[2] Technology (2023)[3] Banking (2024)[4]
    Rank Institution/Country Company Financial institution
    1 Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) Apple

    (U.S.)

    JP Morgan Chase

    (U.S.)

    2 Harvard University

    (U.S.)

    Alphabet

    (U.S.)

    Bank of America

    (U.S.)

    3 Max Planck Society

    (E.U.)

    Samsung

    (South Korea)

    Industrial and Commercial Bank of China

    (China)

    4 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

    (China)

    Foxconn

    (Taiwan)

    Agricultural Bank of China

    (China)

    5 University of Science and Technology China

    (China)

    Microsoft

    (U.S.)

    Wells Fargo

    (U.S.)

    6 Peking University

    (China)

    Meta

    (U.S.)

    China Construction Bank Corp

    (China)

    7 French National Centre for Scientific Research

    (E.U.)

    Dell Technologies

    (U.S.)

    Bank of China

    (China)

    8 Nanjing University

    (China)

    Huawei

    (China)

    Royal Bank of Canada

    (Canada)

    9 Zhejiang University

    (China)

    Sony

    (Japan)

    Commonwealth Bank of Australia

    (Aus)

    10 Tsinghua University

    (China)

    Tencent

    (China)

    HSBC Holdings

    (U.K.)

     

    Financialisaton: Problem or Solution?

    Draghi sees a ‘lack of finance’ as being at the heart of the problem, unsurprising given his former roles in investment banking (Goldman Sachs) and central banking (Italy/ECB). He thus stresses the need to complete the E.U. Capital Markets Union (CMU) as a remedy for this.

    The CMU is intended to bring about an E.U.-wide union for market-based forms of financing (think asset managers, hedge funds, private equity, pension funds, etc), to provide an alternative to what has been traditionally, predominantly bank-based finance in Europe. This could allow for more equity-based financing as E.U. companies choose this over initial public offering (IPO) their stock.

    But it will also mean a single European market for the alphabet soup of obscure acronyms which denote the various complex, opaque, and risky financial instruments that got us into trouble during the Financial Crisis of 2007-2008. Essentially, more shadow banking. Is this really what the E.U. needs? It’s certainly taken as axiomatic that it is.

    The assumption is that the CMU would help to drive capital to SMEs and the real economy, which they see as overly dependent on bank finance. However, in the run up to 2008 U.S. capital markets had become highly developed, and it’s not clear at all that this led to increased lending to their SMEs or the real economy.

    What’s clear is that it led to huge levels of debt, the risk of which was masked in the system through opaque and poorly understood financial engineering techniques. And when it went sour it led to massive contagion effects, which brought down many financial institutions leading to costly public bailouts.

    One of the main problems the E.U. faces, although not alluded in the report, is that it’s allowed itself to be turned into (to a varied extent among member states) a high-cost, financialised economy with declining public provision, largely privatised primary health care services, high-cost housing, and childcare, and poor and deteriorating public infrastructure.

    Financialisaton has rightly been criticised on the basis that it can lead to increased financial fragility and the risk of financial crises. But it’s also identified as shifting the ‘orientation of the non-financial sector towards financial activities ultimately leading to lower physical investment, hence to stagnant or fragile growth, as well as long term stagnation in productivity’ (Tori and Onaran 2017).

    Figure 5: Growth of Financialisaton in Europe

    Total Financial Assets (TFA) as a % of GDP (2000-23)

    Source: ECB Data Portal

    The Fingerprints of Institutional Investors

    Another issue with financialisaton is that it provides financial elites with more power.

    It’s interesting to note who Draghi consulted as part of the research that fed into his report. The economist Isabella Weber pointed out the list of stakeholders consulted lists four pages of “trade and business associations”, “professional consultancies” and “companies and groups”, but just a single trade union.

    There was a total of 82 companies/corporate groups which fed into it. These ranged from large PLCs, to established private companies, to even newer start-ups. But they also included some current or former commercial SOEs (25), which makes the lack of consideration of public enterprise even more noteworthy.

    These companies/groups covered a broad range of industry sectors including: finance, extractive, transport, pharma, tech and so on. Table 3 examines 72 of these, for which some or all data could be compiled, and looks at that their level of institutional ownership, notable institutional owners, and state-owned shareholdings.

    The reason for doing this is simple. Over the last few decades, the ownership landscape of companies has changed radically. Whereas in the past large companies were owned by individuals, pension funds, insurers and indeed states, today they’re overwhelmingly owned by asset managers. These are financial intermediaries investing on behalf of wealthy individuals, pensions funds or other financial institutions.

    Today they’ve extraordinary levels of assets under management (AUM). By one estimate they own €1.8 trillion worth of real estate in Europe. Brett Christophers’ book Our Lives in their Portfolios highlights how asset managers have also become major owners of public infrastructure throughout Europe. He describes our current juncture as being one of ‘asset manager society’.

    Many Europeans have some sense of this, but may be unaware of the extent to which they’ve come to own such large shareholdings in companies across most sectors. This explains their description as ‘universal owners’: their portfolios are so large and diversified that they represent a chunk of the entire economy.

    Of the companies that fed into the report a significant level of institutional ownership is observed, with the highest being NXP Semiconductors (95.37%). Excluding those which had no institutional ownership (5 cases), the average level of institutional ownership was 40%. As we can see Blackrock, Vanguard, and State Street feature heavily.

    Table 3- Ownership structure: Institutional owners vs state owners
    Corporate body group % shares held institutional investors Notable institutional

    Shareholders (Big Three italicised)

    Former SOE? % shares held state investors[5] Notable state

    shareholders

    Airbus 32.80% Amundi, State Street Yes? 25.7% France, Germany, Spain
    Air France KLM 6.08% Vanguard Yes 41.7% France, Netherlands, China
    Alstom 71.20% Vanguard Yes 25.04% Canada, France
    Amazon 50.81% Vanguard, Blackrock, Fidelity, State Street No 0% N/A
    Amundi 6.08% Vanguard, Blackrock, Fidelity No 0.47% Norway
    Ariston Group 34.76% Schroder Investment Management, Vanguard, Blackrock No 9.94% Norway
    ASML 21.10% Capital Research and Management Company, Blackrock, Amundi No 0% N/A
    BASF 43% Amundi, State Street 0% N/A
    Bayer 44% Blackrock, Vanguard, Oakmark No 6.67% Norway, Singapore
    BMW Group 17.61% AQTON SE, Vanguard, Amundi No 1% Norway, Australia
    BNP Paribas 82.60% Blackrock, Amundi, Vanguard, Oakmark, iShares (Blackrock) Yes 7% Belgium, Luxembourg
    Bolt 26.00% Fidelity, Sequoia Capital No 0% N/A
    Clarios 30% est. Brookfield Asset Management No 25% est. Canada
    Deutsche Telekom 69.40% Vanguard, Goldman Sachs Yes 27.80% Germany
    DHL Group 0.04% Altrius Capital Management, Amundi, State Street Yes 17% Germany
    Dompé Farmaceutici 0% N/A No 0% N/A
    EDF 0% N/A Current 100% France
    Enel 58.60% Vanguard, Goldman Sachs Yes 23.6% Italy
    ENGIE 21.18% Blackrock, Vanguard, Capital Research and Management Yes 23.64% France
    ENI 51.35% Morgan Stanley, Blackrock, Natixis, Goldman Sachs Yes 30.50% Italy
    Equinor ASA 6.60% Vanguard, Blackrock, State Street, DNB Asset Management Current 71% Norway
    Ericsson 9.30% Hotchkis & Wiley Capital, Morgan Stanley, Vanguard No 0% N/A
    Euroclear 21.47% Fidelity, Citibank No 32.50% Belgium, France, NZ, China
    Euronext 61.02% CDP Equity SpA (Private Equity), Amundi, Capital A Management BV, Vanguard No 8.03% France
    ExxonMobil 57.82% Vanguard, Blackrock, State Street No 0% N/A
    E.on 60% Blackrock Yes 4.90% Canada
    Ferrovie 0% N/A Current 100% Italy
    FINCANTIERI 4.20% Vanguard, Blackrock Current 71.44% Italy
    Flix 35.00% EQT Future. Kühne Holding, Vanguard, Fidelity No 0% N/A
    Glencore 41% Blackrock, Vanguard, EUROPACIFIC GROWTH FUND No 8.60% Qatar
    Google 61.98% Vanguard, Blackrock, State Street, Morgan Stanley No 1.83% Norway
    Iberdrola 77.80% Blackrock, Vanguard, Fidelity No 12.15% Qatar, Norway
    Infineon Technologies 24.70% iShares (Blackrock), Blackrock, Amundi No 0% N/A
    Investor AB 25.42% Vanguard, Blackrock, Fidelity No 2.65% Norway
    Leonardo 50.30% Vanguard, Dimensional Fund Advisors LP, Capital World Growth and Income Fund Yes 30.20% Italy
    Lufthansa Group 54% Vanguard, iShares (Blackrock), Goldman Sachs Yes 0% N/A
    LyondellBasell Industries 73.18% Blackrock, Vanguard, State Street, Dodge & Cox No 0% N/A
    L’Oréal 37.33% Amundi, State Street No 0% N/A
    Maersk 25.19% Vanguard, iShares (Blackrock) No
    McPhy Energy 17.14% Global X Hydrogen ETF No 19.14% France
    Mercedes Benz 45.95% Amundi, State Street No 15.50% China, Kuwait
    Meta 79.06% Vanguard, Blackrock, State Street, Fidelity No 0% N/A
    Meyer Burger Technology 19.52% Vanguard, Scupltor, Credit Suisse No 2.99% Norway
    Neste 31.69% Vanguard, iShares (Blackrock), Fidelity Yes 44.77% Finland
    Nokia 6.17% DANSKE INVEST FINNISH EQUITY FUND, Blackrock, Goldman Sachs No 5.7% Finland
    NovoNordisk 71.80% Jennison Associates, Morgan Stanley, Bank of America, Vanguard, Fidelity No 0% N/A
    NXP Semiconductors 95.37% Fidelity, JP Morgan, Vanguard, State Street No 0% N/A
    Orange 16.52% Vanguard, Blackrock, Thornburg, UBS Yes 22.9% France
    Ørsted 10.71% Blackrock, Amundi, Vanguard, iShares (Blackrock) Current 50.1% Denmark
    OVHcloud 12.62% KKR, Towerbrook Capital Partners No 0% N/A
    Renault 29.04% Vanguard, Blackrock, Paradigm Asset Management Company Yes 15% France
    Repsol 33.61% Blackrock, Vanguard, iShares (Blackrock), Fidelity Yes 3.20% Norway
    Rolls Royce 32.16% Vanguard, Blackrock, Causeway Capital Management Yes 0% N/A
    RWE 88% Blackrock, Fidelity, Vanguard No 9% Qatar
    Ryanair 48.38% Capital International Investors, Fidelity, Vanguard No
    Safran 41.90% Europacific Growth Fund, Aristotle Capital, Vanguard, Fidelity No 11% France
    Sanofi 77.80% Dodge & Cox Stock Fund, Morgan Stanley, Blackrock, Fischer Asset Management No 0% N/A
    SAP 6.30% Blackrock, Dietmar Hopp Stiftung GmbH, Vanguard No 0% N/A
    Shell 11.73% Fidelity, Vanguard, Morgan Stanley, Blackrock No 3.03% Norway
    Siemens 67% Blackrock, Vanguard, EUROPACIFIC GROWTH FUND No 2.98% Qatar
    Sobi 77.25% Investor Aktiebolag, Morgan Stanley, State Street No 1.24% Norway
    Spotify 62.07% Baillie Gifford & Co, Blackrock, Morgan Stanley, Vanguard No 0% N/A
    Stellantis 47.88% Blackrock, Vanguard, Amundi, JP Morgan No 7.29% France, Norway
    STMicroelectronics 14.85% Blackrock, Goldman Sachs, Grantham Yes 27.51% Italy, France
    Telefónica 1.26% Blackrock, Morgan Stanley Yes 9.9% Spain, Saudi Arabia
    TenneT 0% N/A Current 100% Netherlands
    Thyssenkrupp Steel E.U. 85% Amundi, Merill Lynch, Vanguard, iShares (Blackrock) No 3% Norway
    TotalEnergies 6.94% Fischer Asset Management, Morgan Stanley partial
    Uber 83.54% Blackrock, Vanguard, Fidelity, State Street No 0% N/A
    Vodafone 17.27% Vanguard, Blackrock, Legal & General Investment Management, UBS No 18.01% UAE, Norway
    Volvo 54% Vanguard, Oakmark iShares (Blackrock) No 0% N/A
    ZF 0% N/A No 0% N/A

     

    According to Braun (2020), ‘Asset Manager Capitalism’ is dominated by the ‘Big Three’; Blackrock ($10tn AUM), Vanguard ($9.3tn AUM) and State Street ($4.3tn AUM). The Harvard Business Review points out ‘One of either Blackrock, Vanguard, or State Street is the largest shareholder in 88% of S&P 500 companies’. They’re also some of the largest shareholders in each other. Institutional investors (passive/active funds) now own 80% of all stock in the S&P 500.

    In a study of the Britain’s FTSE350, the 350 largest companies in Britain, the authors found a 20% of its total value was controlled by just ten investors, 10% of which was controlled by Blackrock and Vanguard. The largest foreign owner of the Milan Stock Exchange is Blackrock. According to the OECD in Ireland, Sweden and Poland just three institutional owners control around 20% respectively.

    Naturally, concerns have been expressed that such concentrations of economic and financial power leads to a concentration of political power. With the sector today managing an estimated $100 trillion or so in assets (about two-fifths of the world’s wealth) – how could it not?

    The Big Three have been described as the “most powerful cartel in history“, with journalists from Bloomberg describing Blackrock as the fourth branch of the government. Some have even described asset manager capitalism as an entirely new corporate governance regime. However, the source of this power and the way its wielded is still a matter of contention amongst legal scholars, economists and political economists.

    There’s no question that the Big Three want to influence politics at the highest levels. Blackrock has been pouring record amounts into U.S. political campaigns. The same applies in the E.U., where by one estimate they spend an annual €30m lobbying E.U. institutions to ensure their voices are heard.

    What the Asset Managers Want, they Get

    What do they want when it comes to a new IP approach? In a word, they want assurance of ‘investability’. But not just any kind of investability. To quote Mark Blyth, the want the state to operate as a kind of ‘insurer of first resort’ whereby it uses the public ‘balance sheet to insure private investors against losses.

    Accordingly, this is done by ‘tinkering with risk/returns on private investments in sovereign bonds, currency, social infrastructure (schools, roads, hospitals and houses, care homes and prisons, water plants and natural parks) and most recently, green industries’ (Gabor 2023). This is what political economist Daniela Gabor terms the ‘derisking state.

    A practical example is public private partnerships (PPP). Here private investors commit to finance public infrastructure projects (hospitals, schools, accommodation, etc) and manage them for a long-time horizon, in return for the state bearing certain risks stipulated in the PPP contract. Risks like an increase in the minimum wage, higher taxes, some new regulation, emissions reductions, etc – anything which might negatively impact cashflow.

    You see with higher institutional ownership of companies comes higher dividend pay outs. In a study by Buller and Braun (2021) of the largest companies listed on the British stock exchange, they found shareholder pay-outs as a proportion of profits rose substantially ‘reaching nearly 80% of pre-tax profits at the end of 2020’, but productive investment fell.

    Asset managers have also engaged in, and rightly been criticised for, extensive efforts at ‘greenwashing’—misrepresenting investment products as more environmentally sustainable than they really are, while refraining from enforcing ESG principles at their portfolio companies. So, I’m not sure how helpful they will be with Draghi’s decarbonisation efforts.

    As should be clear from the above, the investability relationship forged between the state and capital is one where capital dominates. It’s certainly not the kind of arrangement witnessed during the ‘golden age’ of capitalism, or what was seen in the East Asian Tiger economies, when capital was disciplined and directed toward the industries thought most productive.

    As Gabor points out; derisking and capital discipline are fundamentally at odds ‘because the former relies on private profitability to enlist private capital while the latter forces capital into pursuing the strategic objectives of the state even where these may be at odds with changing market conditions or profit calculations.’

    The latter occurred during periods when states were willing and able to do so through means such as nationalising banks to regulate their financial markets, and having their Central Banks impose credit quotas to drive bank lending to what were deemed strategic sectors, often in the presence of capital controls.

    The only real prospect of E.U. member states nationalising banks today would be to bail them out in a crisis, I’m not sure whether credit quotas have ever been employed by the ECB’s constituent Central Banks, and capital controls violate one of the E.U.s four freedoms (free movement of capital).

    There is, however, another way to take a more direct approach: through the capitalisation of new SOEs. Although Draghi is famed for his ‘whatever it takes’ approach from saving the euro, he clearly doesn’t apply this to IP, as demonstrated by the absence of any serious discussion on this.

    Despite the large wave of privatisations that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, and indeed the more recent reduction in the number of SOEs in places like China, the relative importance of state ownership has actually been increasing. As the OECD points out, ‘the share of SOEs in the list of the top 500 global companies tripled’.

    Part 2 takes a closer look at this missing tool from Draghi’s proposed new toolbox, with part 3 considering what possible options Ireland could have with the €14 billion additional tax revenues it now enjoys, some of which could be used for such investment.

    [1] https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-euro-indicators/w/2-06092024-ap#:~:text=In%20the%20second%20quarter%20of,by%200.3%25%20in%20both%20zones.

    [2] Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders

    [3] Tech companies ranked by total revenues for their respective fiscal years ended on or before March 31, 2023

    [4] 10 biggest banks as measured by market capitalisation.

    [5] These shareholdings are variously held by government Ministries, Central Banks, state pension funds, Sovereign/Public Investment Banks, Sovereign Wealth Funds, Sovereign Development Funds and SOEs.

  • Poem: Whom You’re Never Told

    Whom You’re Never Told

    She pleads with her mantras for years—endless
    In a hill so tranquil, where she is—she always is
    There she dwells untold, whom you never know—whom you’re never told
    Bearing the name; Ujung Geni.
    The Javanese herbalist who cheats
    Time and death.

    She broods in her thoughts no other than
    To live, to live, to live, and to live
    To live nowhere other than in her hill so tranquil
    She lives more than the trees and times bore, more than love;
    Ujung Geni, alone with her thoughts,
    In her hill so tranquil.

    Three musky cumin family of parsley, a branch of senthe,
    Roasted parkia seed, petals of wijaya kusuma, buds of clove,
    A finger long aromatic ginger and turmeric,
    Altingia excelsa just a bark, dripped with essence
    Of fermented cassava. Mesoyi, slice a little.
    ethereal oil—Cinnamomum sintoc blume.

    Powder them all,
    Bathe with them,
    Breathing their fumes
    In a hill so tranquil, where she is—where she always is
    Longer with spells written, mantras spoken, jamu can fulfill.
    With the earth buttering all spices, bearing her will,
    To live forever more with jamu no pottery can infill.

    For ages long she lives indeed till death favors
    her no more.

    She knows to live but not to live for.
    In a hill so tranquil, even the hill dismal, where she lives
    She belongs but what is it for? These scars in eternal bearers
    All tiresome mantras in gazillion styles and songs.

    She begs to live no more.

  • Musician of the Month: Greg Clifford

    I was born in Dublin in 1987, and grew up 5 kilometres west of the city centre in a village called Inchicore. Since birth I’ve been completely enveloped by music and creativity. My father, Dave Clifford, was involved in the counterculture performance art scene of the late 70s / early 80s in Ireland. Additionally, he played in the original line-up of Thee Amazing Colossal Men and was the editor of Ireland’s VOX music magazine (1980-83). My mother, who in fact typed the VOX articles, is also innately artistic and adept in crafts such as tie-dyeing and jewellery.

    David Clifford performance art, live at A Dark Space in the Project Arts Centre in 1979.

    My brother and I were privileged enough to have parents that valued and prioritised creativity, curiosity, application and dedication. We grew up in an art rich household. The walls displayed, and still do, works of Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky, abstract sculptures and my father’s photography. This environment naturally piqued my interest in the alternative and the absurd.

    The VOX music magazine.

    My grandmother once declared ‘you’ll ruin that boy’! Maybe what she was really inferring was they would awaken me to the point of no return? Musically I was mesmerized by the sound of the 60s. The Beatles, The Doors, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Small Faces all gripped me. Witnessing Hendrix burning his guitar left me spellbound. There was no going back from that incandescent display. I was changed forever.

    My talent and proclivity for music was always fostered, never stifled. For this I am truly grateful. I began music tuition at the age of 7 and started guitar lessons at 9.

    Greg Clifford aged 9.

    ELEVATOR

    I later founded a 3-piece blues / indie rock band called ELAVATOR in 2006 (intentionally spelt incorrectly, something we later regretted). We disbanded in a most Spinal Tap-esque blaze of glory in 2012 – quite literally breaking up on stage, mid gig.

    ELAVATOR

    ELAVATOR served as my musical apprenticeship; honing a writing style, exploring effects pedals, learning to navigate and control the live arena, while embracing the intricacies of collaborating with others. During this time I also studied music in university; graduating with a Bachelors of Music and Masters in Contemporary Classical Composition. I also toured nationwide and internationally with the Diversus Guitar Ensemble (a 20+ classical guitar group).

    After ELAVATOR I became something of a solo singer-songwriter, by circumstance rather than choice. This, however, was liberating and permitted me to embrace my musical eclecticism.

    I released a number of albums, EPs and singles over the next 10 years. The standout offerings being the Quodlibet LP of 2017 and Lines of Desire LP (2022) which was accompanied by a 40-minute making of the album documentary (filmed by my father) and a 13,000 word book that reflects on the sources of inspiration, studio anecdotes and music theory.

    My Dad and I regularly create music videos and independent documentaries. Our current project is ‘Outsider Artists: The Story of Paranoid Visions’, which delves into the world of Ireland’s longest serving punk band – Paranoid Visions (who formed in 1981). The film provides an insight into the conditions that spawned punk and the subcultures in Ireland. It’s a DIY endeavour about a DIY underdog band made by bloody-minded DIY filmmakers.

    MANA

    Musically my main focus for now is MANA – based primarily in Berlin. For this project I collaborate with musicians Shane Byrne and Niclas Liebling. I enjoy being involved in a band again, both for the sonic landscape and general camaraderie. Style wise we’re a fusion of post-punk and indie rock. Shane’s guitar tones are reminiscent of the late 70s and early 80s, while the lyrics allude to how polarized, cynical and fragmented the world has become. Our songs embody communal disenchantment whilst also offering a sense of solace and solidarity. Melancholy imbues the work, but hope is always present too. In the words of Albert Camus ‘a man devoid of hope and conscious of being so ceases to belong to the future’.

    MANA – image Stephen Golden.

    Our latest release is entitled Nauseating Me. I deliberately wanted to deliver something urgent, unapologetic and relentless; a visceral soundtrack of frustration that reflects society. The track considers themes and notions such as romanticizing recalcitrance, wanderlust and liberation, while staring into the inescapable abyss of a world strung out on fake news, quotidian click bait snares, spam, fraudulent authorities and relentless terms and conditions.

    Future Projects

    As for future projects and releases, that’s anyone’s guess. I am interested in some day returning to instrumental music and investing time in film scores. In reality, there are not enough years in a lifetime to explore and develop all the artistic ideas I have. However, I endeavour to remain receptive to stimuli and glimmers, and move towards what inspires me.

    Early 2025 the plan is to focus my attention and energies on songwriting. I feel recently I’ve dropped the ball on that front. It seems these days being a musician is less about actually interacting with your craft and more about posting on social media, graphic design, writing press releases, admin, video editing, booking shows, promoting etc. I abhor social media, but rely on the very thing I resent, for without it I’d be rendered anonymous and redundant.

    There are times I flirt with waving the white flag and embracing security away from music. I wonder if I’m ignoring my better judgement and doubts that scream ‘time to step into an acceptable paradigm’. However, this would be spiritual suicide.

    I have a deep undeniable urge to create and fight the good fight. In a self-devouring world, increasingly conditioned by AI and instant gratification, for me art is the only answer. Artistic expression is a form of survival and revolt. It doesn’t always provide answers, but it asks the right questions.

    Aside from its cathartic qualities, art binds, creates communities and transcends cultural divisions and boundaries. Art is life, purity and hope. Creating helps me understand the world around me, and my position in it. My goal ultimately is to illuminate myself and be as authentic for as long as possible before slipping into the big sleep.

    Feature Image: Stephen Golden

    https://www.youtube.com/gregcliffordmusic/videos

    https://www.gregcliffordmusic.com/

  • Poem: The First of February

    The First of February

    Well, here’s a pile of puke on a bank of snow,
    Yoga-pants-purple, budget-cocktail-blue,
    Lava lurid as a toy volcano,
    Day-glo confetti frozen stiff as glue.

    The fire hydrant’s calked in hardened gum.
    A Phillies Blunt’s in a bottle of Pepsi
    Inside a purple Shark Week Slurpee,
    And it looks like someone pissed all over them.

    A ghost-ship umbrella is partway jammed
    In the snow heap’s side; its tattered black sail
    Of nylon flutters; a stroller is crammed
    Into a dumpster nearby. I’m stuck, a snail

    Inside a crusted, slowly draining tank.
    The chill in me is deeper than I’d like,
    My pockets packed with lint, the blue snowbank,
    Spiked with pink spokes of a Barbie bike.

    Lingerie spills from a cast-off backpack.
    The neon tubes are dismal, dark at dawn:
    DRAFT BEER now drab, the BAR sign simply black,
    Latimer Deli’s knife-steel grate still down.

    The stained-glass windows of McGlinchey’s Bar
    Are dead. The only thing that holds a light
    That’s real is melting snow, the run of bright
    Rills altering to echoes in the sewer.


    Feature Image: Daniele Idini

  • The Nascent Age of the Self -Involved

    One must begin by asking a begging question: is literary criticism, in Ireland, dead?

    Recently, reading Susan Sontag’s 1966 essay ‘Against Interpretation’, this reviewer noticed the absence of the pronoun ‘I’, which has become ingratiated in the ‘I’ singular, the most fantastic, the singular phenomenological self-view.

    The singular ‘I’ – the Me, Myself, and I routine. This reviewer sees this everywhere due to social media. Me, Glorious Me, forever Me, and Me. Like some demented character from Roald Dahl’s children’s book adapted into a musical.

    In Susan Sontag’s piece, in the essay’s opening channels, she discusses Mimesis – Mimetic theory from the Ancient Greek world, and how Western consciousness has since seen all art as a representation of the past. This is a fair and accurate point. Some musical pieces of the modern era are inspired by what has gone before – take Poculum Harlem’s A Whiter Shade of Pale – some of the music was borrowed from Johanas Sebastian Bach (Bach’s Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D Major (BVW 1068), movement II, better known as the ‘Air on the G String’) and Intertextuality and other forms of tweaked reproduction for the public, consuming sphere. In other words, capitalism.

    Has the woke agenda razed the literary Towers of Babel to hark on with their overt, aggressive liberalism so that anyone with a rational, logical mind with an understanding of a particular subject outside their, the philistines’, own parameters are pillaged and vociferously vilified if they dare have a masculine view/take on, in, a broader sphere?

    Oh, if we could be visited every day with the dove of learning or visit Borges’ library to select another book after returning the one we have read back to its endless shelves.

    Or will they, the literary critics, routinely be ignored and silenced into oblivion as to engage in something outside of their (the braying rabble) comprehension – is to admit concession to something?

    Susan Sontag.

    Bonfire of the banalities

    Social media has helped create agentic and situational narcissists by the acreage, who are self-involved, selfish, and unable to challenge themselves to see a world beyond the digital screen in front of them with scrolling videos. On and on it goes … like a long narrative poem dedicated to the self.

    The era of banality is thrust upon us. There is, no doubt, a proliferation of mainstream publishing content waxing lyrical about this and that, but when you question writers on what and who they have read they shy away from answering. Why?

    Mainstream mediocrity is part of the problem.

    They are fearful of criticism. They cannot contend with criticism because its connotation is ‘not to like,’ which impacts their overt sensitivities and victimisation mindset(s). Fear is integral to them being found out for the half-baked, badly-read charlatans they really are.

    In the Irish Literary Scene, Wokeism is a dominant model the media has embraced.

    The Philistines’ rendering of Art toward annihilation through their immaturity and blind-sided emotionality sees a casual shift towards to a lesser formulation in production and the end product. The celebration of the banal – the cumulation of a taping a banana to an art gallery wall. What is this tokenistic, attempted gesture or symbolism? A chimpanzee’s take?

    A middlebrow mediocrity has taken most of the literary, mainstream positions and loves nothing more than to espouse its own form of ‘I, I, me myself and that of my friends’ view.

    They do not really serve literature – the thing itself, Art; instead, they serve the din and hype spin for the work they are trying to publicise.

    It is tonal naïveté due to a lack of maturity. Instead of seeking logic, they seek out an entirely narrow pedestal upon which to place themselves. This is their desire: to be talked about, admired and adored. It could not be any less further from the childhood pages The Princess and the Pea or The Emperor’s New Clothes, straight from the Fairy Tale Rule Book. Rule No.1: Take an arrogant, self-involved, aggrandising trait and go through many tribulations to finally learn humility. And peace of mind. I see it playing out in real time. Facetiously.

    Humility is a great virtue one may have to learn in life’s travails. This is the paradigm I see time and again in life and on the socials.

    All works of Art should speak for themselves. As in, the work should speak for itself.

    Silence by maturer, and should know-better, enablers who stay mute. To take a stand is to raise one’s head above the parapet, and who wants to be dog-piled or cancelled by the braying rabble once they start?

    RDNE Stock Images.

    Nepotism in Ireland

    This is not complex—we do not have to draft in hermeneutics to examine the Nepotistic biases. Nepotism is an unutterable word in Ireland, North and South, but it is dominant. It is so dominant that those in positions of power live in a kind of comfortable, headstrong, warm denial that there is no Nepotism in the literary Arts in Ireland. Ireland and Irish people have a way of not looking at the end of their introspective fork … why?

    What they forge on the bow of their ship, without foresight, is the transitory nature of the imbued self in the nectar-sweet plateaus, which they seek to ascertain and commandeer for their greed – the promotion of the self.

    They seek to publicise their own and only agenda – themselves. It has become entirely predictable and wholly pedestrian.

    They do not read critical literary theory – therefore, they are not considering critical literary theory. If you do not read or consider theory, how can you know what a logical take with substance is, and what it is not? To weigh up literary theories and ideas help enshrine the mind’s understanding of prior accepted literary texts, never mind toward growth and maturity.

    Ireland, North & South has always had nepotism and nepotistic biases – you have to be ‘someone’ to get published. Where does this way of prejudicial thinking come from?

    The perfect image represents the proposed product displayed, but the product is a much inferior facsimile. It has crept into the literary world, too.

    Overrated Novels

    A lot of mainstream novels have a naïve bluntness in terms of tonality. In terms of literary Art, seeking out relational emotionality, as the model for the plot is overrated – there, I said it.

    The predictable chatter and babble that encompasses spin are endless. It is senseless. It has no basis in logic, and this hyperbole operates in a moral vacuum with tendrilled emotionalism as its core foundation.

    Take any mainstream novel, the college-girl mentality has read this work and resonated emotionally. The formula is predictable: the girl meets the boy and falls in love with the boy. Falls out of love with the boy. The developing mind relates so much with the story and the characters that they overrate the novel. It has been heavily publicised by the capitalistic dyad of agents/publishers to make money and profit, and it appeals the sensibilities of young women who have their own money to purchase it.

    It is not, however, Art. Again, it is a novel, verging on the YA formula, to reiterate this point, to drive it home: sells an easily digestible plot that is relational and has relatable characters of young types to readers within its flimsy paragraphs. The writing is wooden and clichéd, and it runs along the vein of ‘Sam sat down, uncorked the wine. Then he tried some…. While Michelle munched on a croissant.’

    This prose is immature, tiresome, wane, and tedious to the committed reader. These clauses and sentences are flat. Where along the way did well-written prose lose its pomp, jolt and creative juice to arrive at this stale juncture? A good, sturdy breeze would blow its walls and roof away.

    Like taking a gondola down the Tigris. Like sending a bowling ball skirting along a millpond.

    They soon lose their gloss these books. Once braced around the work, when the PR scaffold is taken away and is no longer there, it is sent plummeting to the depths.

    To spell it out plainly for the Philistines, they diminish Art. They admonish themselves.

    This has descended into a cultural ‘war’, pitting defenders and lovers of Art against the emotionally-led, shallow comprehension (not yet developed in an emotional sense) Philistine(s).

    And then others have dictators in the wheelhouse, and what they say goes…

    To be a literary critic in 2024 is to be an exile. To scratch out a meagre existence in the swampy fens while within the walled citadels of comfort – on the internet – poets, flunky wizards and flaky white witches dwell with their immature poetry and mulchy sentimentality.

    Syncretism and Neoplatonism are required. Over time, what is needed is based on a hegemonic principle – and it happens without much effort. The strongly composed works hold up, and others, the ones that were once regaled with great infinity, now have a wilderness of non-plussed minds that do not engage at all. Shameless!

    Criticism leads to Censorship

    The reviewer of this piece dealt with some of the mentalities above, but it did not go well.

    One well-known literary magazine editor in Ireland had asked for articles on homelessness, and I had a piece ready and fired it off. I received an initial email response saying it had been received, but then there was nothing. Silence. I emailed again, and eventually, after about four or five months, I received a reply which stated, ‘This was the best piece out of them all, but I cannot publish it due to possible legal reasons down the road.’

    I had changed names in the piece. No one was identifiable unless the main culprit involved became prissy, but they are not a literary lover, and why deny a person’s literary voice? The editor patronised me with a tardy sign-off, talking of homelessness generically as a terrible thing, while I was currently experiencing it, probably unbeknownst.

    I was annoyed and let loose a volley of sentences criticising some of the work I had already read in Ireland, saying he was, in a way, silencing me and my work. He did not reply and continued to refuse my submitted work. I did not know the guy, but after viewing some videos of him online, I realised that he comes across as an individual in a position of power and, in my experience, cannot take any criticism. Petty then.

    On reflection, my response was immature, yet here was an editor who was not brave enough to take a chance on a ‘new Irish writer,’ and continued to ignore any work I submitted to their magazine. I ceased all contact as it is a waste of energy competing with such a narrowminded, selfish mentality. This is censorship, pure and simple.

    An individual I met at university bravely stood up and questioned the selected nepotism. They are now part of the tiny, elitist cabal in ‘literary’ Dublin, and once told me in a private message on social media that they ‘deserved it’ – to be part of the select few. I couldn’t help but notice they were in a relationship with someone running a literary magazine.

    If your face fits. If you are ‘someone,’ you are in. That is, if you are fulfilling an Ireland Ltd PR spin function. You are censored and ignored if you are intelligent, rational, and well-read, because being well-read strikes fear into the philistine. They respond with a snarl because you may be ‘better’ at something than them, and they cannot have that. In the depths of their rotting psyche, the insecurity bubbling away in the pitch of their being, they really know that they are the better. This is how immature and petty these scenarios roll. Awful.

    But they won’t engage with the criticism because engaging is a way of dealing with it, and they don’t want to. They want gloss, spin and saccharine nonsense – here today, gone tomorrow.

    Some more rational and democratic literary outlets will see the literary merit, but … those are rare. Support goes to the mainstream, as that’s where the money is.

    Literary Art will always outlast the mediocre after the rabble stops squabbling and the dust settles.

    Feature Image: Lukas Kloeppel

  • Poem: Hats On for the Happy

    Hats On for the Happy

    We couldn’t go in person
    since the car had grown moss inside.
    So we sat on Zoom in Birmingham,
    between a Dublin screen
    and one in the south of Chicago.

    We were silent, serious. Our separated frames fused
    to witness the in-person
    rejection of otherlessness. Two Canadians
    entered the gallery, laughing under starry pointed hats.
    Were they suggesting

    we far-flung wedding guests, fixed
    to the wall, watching and waiting, might have a party
    of our own? Dublin man
    fetched himself a sunhat. He handled
    his brim a lot. I left the screen and found my bonnet –

    orange felt, with a yellow
    flower, in a cupboard I never use.
    The Canadians waved me back to my chair.
    The Chicago Mississippi-
    Bankside lady pierced the screen

    with solemnity – who would not be solemn
    at the imminence of such
    vows – then disappeared behind
    clouds of simulated background.  She came back
    Queened, in a boat of black

    hat, that was tulled and beaded
    and pinned tight to her slowly unsombreing stare.
    Our four tiny head-high squares
    of life sparkled over the grey room. We
    made champagne-rich speeches about commitment

    to wear and be worn by, to cover
    and to be covered by. My partner was bare-
    headed. He never wears a hat, only a sun visor
    that shades his sight
    when the heat-sapped tryst of eye

    and sky is painful. The bride folded her veil back
    into a hood. The groom
    meditated on her draped hair
    and then on her naked face. Say it, whispered each
    brimmed and muted heart.

    Feature Image: Daniele Idini

  • Lebanon: Domestic Considerations May Prove Decisive to Hezbollah

    Media coverage of the war currently unfolding in Lebanon describe Hezbollah as an “Iranian-backed” group, and frame the conflict as one between them and Israel. In this reading, little attention is given to Lebanon beyond Hezbollah, nor that Hezbollah, for all its links to Iran, is first and foremost a Lebanese group embedded in Lebanon’s sociopolitical fabric. As Michael Young at the Carnegie Middle East Centre also points out, while Hezbollah’s military superiority enables it to act unilaterally, and undermine the Lebanese state at any given moment, the armed group must still weigh into consideration its relations with other domestic actors, both allies and adversaries, in order to secure its longer-term presence in Lebanon.

    War with Israel will strain these relations. Israel’s brutal response has already killed over 2,000 people, displaced over a million, and destroyed homes across Lebanon. Israeli atrocities will likely breath fresh life into the Lebanese resistance, birth a new generation of Hezbollah fighters, and contribute to an even greater level of anti-Israel sentiment across Lebanon. But simultaneously, the damage inflicted on Lebanon will make many call into question Hezbollah’s unilateral course of action in launching rockets into Israel since October 7th last year.

    So far, the only material result of these attacks has been to bring harm to Lebanon, with no obvious benefit to the Palestinian cause beyond the symbolic show of solidarity with Hamas. And Lebanon has enough problems as it is. The country continues to suffer in the wake of a gargantuan economic collapse that has hollowed out state institutions, and sent poverty rates spiralling over the past five years.

    Criticism of Hezbollah is valid, but should not be allowed to reinforce Netanyahu’s narrative that Lebanon has been “kidnapped” by Hezbollah, or that if Hezbollah were out of the picture, a process of normalisation could begin between the two countries. While it is true there are some political actors in Lebanon who secretly harbour a desire for normalisation, most notably the Christian far right, it is equally true that Palestinian solidarity, and an appetite for anticolonial resistance against Israel, extends beyond Hezbollah to wider Lebanon.

    The opening years of Lebanon’s Civil War in the mid-1970s showed this. A pro-Palestinian coalition of Lebanese groups led by Druze leader Kamal Jumblatt formed an alliance to challenge the Christian far right who were trying to expel the Palestinians from Lebanon. It is also worth noting how today, US-led funding for the Lebanese army is deliberately limited, with no supply of the sort of weaponry that could render them a match for Israel. It may be argued that the non-state position of resistance to Israel is inevitable, given the West’s unconditional support for Israel would never allow the Lebanese army to assume such a position, even if it enjoyed a democratic mandate to do so.

    Domestic criticism of Hezbollah and opposition to Israel are not mutually exclusive. Over the past decade, Hezbollah’s revered status as the resistance to Zionist aggression has depreciated. The group’s stances towards various events in Lebanon and Syria have exposed them as being part of a corrupt political establishment that it so often claimed to stand apart from. Hezbollah’s decision to enter the Syrian Civil War in support of the Assad regime was hugely controversial and pitted it against Sunni Islamist opinion both in Lebanon and regionally. Indeed, news of Hassan Nasrallah’s death prompted scenes of jubilation in Idlib, the last holdout against the Assad regime in post-war Syria.

    Mass Protest Movement

    More recently, in 2019, when a hugely optimistic mass protest movement erupted in Lebanon demanding an end to the country’s corrupt sectarian system, Hezbollah intervened decisively against the protestors, denouncing the movement as a plot by foreign embassies trying to destabilise Lebanon. In late 2019 and into 2020, Hezbollah-affiliated gangs were commonly seen confronting street protestors in Beirut, thuggishly trying to intimidate them off the streets.

    Hezbollah’s thuggery was made visible once more in 2021, when a prominent Hezbollah critic and civil society activist Lokman Slim was found murdered in his car in South Lebanon. The judicial case into the killing failed to make any progress, reflecting a culture of impunity that Hezbollah enjoys in Lebanon.

    Hezbollah impunity was the focus of heated criticism in the aftermath of the massive explosion at the Beirut port in 2020, which came about when thousands of tons of fertiliser exploded in a warehouse, killing over 200 people and causing heavy damage to much of the capital. Many believed that the suspicious presence of such a fertiliser which can been used to make improvised explosives, was somehow linked to Hezbollah operations. The unexplained failure of repeated bureaucratic efforts to remove the dangerous material from the port, hinted at opaque Hezbollah interference, possibly linked to Syria. The group was the first to publicly reject calls for an international investigation into the port explosion, further placing them under suspicion and above the law.

    Because of the port’s location in the city, the explosion did most damage to Christian neighbourhoods in East Beirut. This circumstance helped stir up anti-Hezbollah sentiment among Lebanese Christians. This is significant because one of Hezbollah’s major domestic allies since the mid-2000s, has been a Christian party, the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM). The alliance with the FPM was informally articulated through the Mar Mikhael Agreement, that effectively gave Hezbollah political cover and greater legitimacy for their armed presence in Lebanon.

    The FPM’s longtime leader Michel Aoun became president of Lebanon in 2016, further securing Hezbollah’s position. But his presidential term ended in 2022, and he is yet to be replaced as political power brokers, including Hezbollah, fail to agree on a successor. Lebanon’s current presidential vacuum is casting uncertainty toward Hezbollah’s place within domestic politics.

    Meanwhile the FPM have been heavily criticised by other Christian parties including the Lebanese Forces, for aligning themselves with Hezbollah and failing to protect Christian interests, as the devastation from the Beirut explosion served so well to demonstrate. With parliamentary elections scheduled for 2022, the Lebanese Forces sought to capitalize on anti-Hezbollah sentiment and courted Christian voters frustrated with the FPM’s passive collaboration with Hezbollah. This meant adapting a bullish attitude towards Hezbollah, particularly in relation to the Beirut explosion.

    Funeral of the Hezbollah members killed in the clashes.

    The Tayouneh Incident

    Tensions came to a head in October 2021 with the Tayouneh Incident. Hezbollah and its allies organised a protest to the Ministry of Justice in Beirut against the Beirut Port investigation. The protesters consisted of Hezbollah and its allies’ Shia’ supporters from South Beirut, many of whom were armed. When the crowd reached a major junction called Tayouneh, demarcating where Christian East Beirut begins, a segment of the protesters entered adjacent neighbourhoods and were fired on by Christian gunmen positioned in surrounding high rises, most likely affiliated with the Lebanese Forces.

    Street fighting ensued all afternoon, with six Hezbollah-affiliated gunmen killed. The incident put Beirut on a knife edge with many fearing the outbreak of a new civil war. The location of Tayouneh was ominously symbolic. It was here that a Christian militia attack on a busload of Palestinians in 1975 set in motion Lebanon’s fifteen year long civil war.

    The parliamentary elections went ahead in 2022. The FPM lost seats, and the anti-Hezbollah Lebanese Forces made substantial gains, becoming the country’s largest Christian party. This, combined with the presidential vacuum, means the political cover that Hezbollah enjoyed under the Mar Mikhael agreement is no longer in place.

    Fast forward to current events and none of these political considerations seem immediately relevant. Israel has now brought the war to Lebanon and the country for the foreseeable future is locked into Hezbollah’s war of resistance. But Hezbollah has been hit hard. Its’ military strength, carefully accrued over decades, has been severely depleted.

    Some estimate that about half of the Lebanese group’s arsenal of rockets and missiles have been destroyed by Israeli airstrikes, though it is hard to be sure. Since early summer, a string of senior Hezbollah commanders have been killed by Israel, including the party’s longtime leader Hassan Nasrallah on 27 September. To kill Nasrallah, Israel dropped 80 American-made ‘bunker busting’ bombs, weighing 2,000 pounds each, on Hezbollah’s underground command centre in the heart of South Beirut.

    The attack shook the whole capital, levelling six residential buildings and leaving a massive crater of rubble, with Nasrallah and others dead and buried underneath. This devastation came just as Hezbollah was reeling from Israel’s attack on their communication systems, as hundreds of pagers and walkie talkies used by Hezbollah operatives, simultaneously exploded killing approximately 32 people, including children.

    A Rainy Night in Saifi – Luke Sheehan and Nadim Shehadi in conversation

    Infiltration

    Within the space of a few weeks, Israel has shown how devastatingly extensive their infiltration of Hezbollah has been over the past few years. Until now, analysts tended to emphasise how Hezbollah’s involvement in the Syrian Civil War enabled the group to expand and increase its strength. Now commentators are pointing out how the group may be over-extended.

    A recent article in the Financial Times pointed out how the need for more recruits in Syria, collaboration with corrupt Syrian officers, and Russian intelligence likely provided Israel with opportunities to better infiltrate the group. There are also rumours of an Israeli-planted Iranian spy who has gained close access to Hezbollah in recent years and potentially played a role in the killing of Nasrallah. The Israeli attack was based off real-time information regarding the former leader’s whereabouts. The use of AI in satellite and drone footage to detect Hezbollah locations, and of sophisticated surveillance systems like Pegasus have also likely played a part in giving Israel the clear upper hand over their rival.

    While Hezbollah may be weakened, they likely retain significant strength. An Israeli ground invasion will meet dogged guerilla resistance from thousands of determined and well-trained Hezbollah fighters with substantial, albeit depleted, firepower. Hezbollah are well dug in. Bogging down IDF soldiers in endless guerilla warfare will help them change the narrative that so far has gone against them.

    This narrative may play a part in shaping the Hezbollah that emerges out of this conflict. A major question will be Iran’s ability to support Hezbollah’s military recovery. Hezbollah relies on its military superiority within Lebanon to coerce other Lebanese actors into forming political arrangements that favour Hezbollah.

    Events in recent years have, however, destabilized these arrangements and brought Hezbollah and Lebanon to an uncertain political juncture. Now, the war with Israel threatens Hezbollah’s military superiority. Together these developments raise uncertainty as to how Hezbollah will emerge from this conflict and whether they will be able to retain their dominant political position in Lebanon once the dust settles. Such domestic considerations may ultimately prove more decisive to Hezbollah decision-makers than the current confrontation with Israel.

    Feature Image: Hezbollah fighters in southern Lebanon, May 2023